Nutrition - Obesity Essay Example for Free

Nutrition fleshiness EssayAccording to Lin, Guthrie and Frazao, childrens calorie consumptions from betting f ar and soft drinks increased dramatically. Weight is always a problem in our society. Now a solar day, we ar forgetting about healthy provender just to make it our time and money. We have adopted warming viands to reach a level of obesity. lush foods have a biggest contribution on obesity because of liberal access on food restaurant contain less amount of keep, and food advertisements.. Now it canvassms homogeneous close foods fat and sugar are the briny problem but if we dont take an immediate action, towards the situation, it superpower be a genetic problem. A fast growth of fast food restaurants are the main cause of people becoming obese. They are also cosmos victim of diseases such as diabetes, cholesterol, content attack, and so forth People prefer taste food but dont pay attention to the price as the result comes with huge amount of fat and suga r resulting diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, etc. Abundance amounts of fast food restaurants are promoting peoples interests eating outside home rather than home. Today more than a third base of Americans are considered as obese. Type 2 diabetes is a common sickness carried out by these fatty peoples.Receptivity to Television Fast-Food Restaurant Marketing and Obesity among U. S. Youth (McClure 568). We might be able to reduce or balance the amount of obesity using insulin. Fast food restaurants distribute lots of cookies and romance candies to children. Which may be a major contribution on childhood obesity? Epidemically, fast food is a major contributor to the obesity. It is also cut down their home activity such as cooking at home kitchens. Some of these food restaurants are illustrated as McDonald, Jack in the Box, KFC, Pizza Hut, etc.Price and quality always need to balance. Proper exercise is necessary to maintain our body fat and to stay healthy. According to A DA (American Diabetes Association), refined carbohydrates climb blood sugar levels too high these can spikes youre Fast Food Bad health Side Effects blood sugar, damage your heart and might makes you gloomy. Even we pay full amount of money hamburger, Neupaney 2 in these restaurants, only contain 20% of meat rest is just flour. We see some issue everyday about a milk containing fat on it at fast food restaurants. Fast food is increasing the enactment of kids with food allergies and asthma.Places like hospitals where they were supposed to cure disease are serving fast food in their cafeteria and adding the rate of being ill. Food with less nutrition fulfill theirs hunger faster and is increasing their eating tendency. 1,000 are the average amounts of calorie that fast food meal contains As you use it for long time, fast food can negatively affect you physically and emotionally. Because of efficient service, peoples are eating food with low crab. Grab and go are the main power of us eating food with nutrition less foods. Schools have made significantly greater progress on sugar-sweetened beverages, comparing to lower- sugar beverages by substitution juice with sodas.Solid Fat and Added Sugar Intake Among U. S. Children The Role of Stores, Schools, and Fast Food (Poti 559). According to the survey King a habit of eating Examples is burger, scandalmongering tenders, pizza, and hot dog, etc. Buy one chicken bacon burger, French fries, and coke and get another chicken free and even with a zero understand girl eating that burger. This are the kind of advertisements which encourage people buy their product. Children are easily attracted by the way advertisements are presented on television and these Ads are playing vital role in child obesity.Fast food restaurants are one of the most trending businesses in social media. Even celebrities are being a part to trend its business. For instance, Michelle Obama is promoting fast food for children. Social networking is taking negative repair in our society. Repeating food advertisements they see on those media might empty their parents pockets upon their influential requests.According to Nielsen Media Research Korea, in year 2004-2010, people with low income saw more fast food advertisements than those with higher(prenominal) income. How Television Fast Food Marketing Aimed At Children Compares With Adult Advertisements (Bernhardt 6). Deals and discounts are robbing people in a middle of a sunny day.Lavish fast food packaging, burger-adorned egg advertisements, pizza box branding are some evidence of this television world. It will amaze you by just looking how much money you could save by making a habit of eating outside home. In another prospective lots of people are retention job through these fast food restaurants. Food takes huge amount of our annual budget. You can eat for a week at fast food restaurant for the money which you use in a day at home.Peoples around the world are ordering f ood online now a day instead of cooking at home. Immigrants and refugees are addicted to these Neupaney 3 items because its easy to afford and can be found everywhere. Even in hospitals cafeteria fast foods are the means patients save their money. Mostly, high school students and college students are paying their tuition fee through their job at these places. Annually, 30 million lazy peoples are earning their lives through these restaurants. Deals and discounts are also a great way to save money through these restaurants.According to my personal research, on my community, vast volume of people said, I would rather eat outside home because I get various healthy food options in fast food restaurants for sixpenny price. Beings having weight loss problems are also balancing their diet supplements through this fast food. Peoples weight status depends upon different components and ingredients used by restaurants. Elsevier Almost 20% of these Americans have succeeded in increasing wei ght in this past decade. We have to be careful and have to take action towards these fast food companies.We have to demand nutritional information on their food boxes, warning from government and funds program towards fast food addiction. . Its ok for them to eat such foods once or twice per week. But if it exceed its amount, people will get obese. Even the apple and orange pie provided by McDonald and Burger Kings are unhealthful as eating cheese burger.Children affected by fast food are undocumented and are not filed. Parents need to be gingerly with those problems. We owe them and have to motivate our community it pressurize them to bring healthier foods option for the same low prize they charge us for fatty foods. In different way, we could all be a victim of fast food.In future, we might grow a disease like stroke, high-blood pressure etc. In different ways, we could all be a victim of fast food. In future, we might grow a disease like stroke, high-blood pressure etc. to resi st this we have to stand up for whats right. To prevent this we have to stand up for whats right. Its time for us to take action and make impact in our own lives.Works Cited Bernhardt, Amy M. , et al. Bernhardt, Amy M. , et al. How Television Fast Food Marketing Aimed At Children Compares With Adult Advertisements. Plos ONE 8. 8 (2013) 1-6. Academic calculate Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.Elsevier Health Sciences. Eating Out Can Have Both Positive And Negative Impact On Obesity. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 24 Apr. 2014. Fast Food, Cause Effect Essay by Elianapa. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Neupaney 4 Mathe, Kimberly, and Sheila Scott-Halsell. The Effects Of Perceived External Prestige On Positive Psychological States In Quick Service Restaurants. Journal Of Human Resources In Hospitality Tourism 11. 4 (2012) 354-372. Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. Morgan, Craig. Unhealthful Fast Food Wont be an Option for My Kids. Arizona Republic. Web. 24 Apr.2014 Fast Food TI ME News, Pictures, Quotes, Archive. TIME. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. McClure, Auden C. , et al. Receptivity To Television Fast-Food Restaurant Marketing And Obesity Among U. S. Youth. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine 45. 5 (2013) 560-568. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Apr. 2014.Poti, Jennifer M. , Meghan M. Slining, and Barry M. Popkin. Solid Fat And Added Sugar Intake Among U. S. Children The Role Of Stores, Schools, And Fast Food, 19942010. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine 45. 5 (2013) 551-559. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. V.

Thinking Critically †Poverty and Happiness Essay Example for Free

Thinking Critically Poverty and Happiness EssayThis paper takes the position that pauperism is non necessarily equated with lack of rapture. Arguments adjunct of this thesis be presented in this paper piece of music being balance by arguments of the opposite view precisely with counter arguments to streng wherefore the position taken. iodin of best arguments that could be forwarded in support of the proposition taken is that people from poor countries be happier than from wealthier countries. While almost countries want to have stinting carry on as a battle cry of globalization, it may not necessarily mean that countries are also readking contentment after. It could be misleading to make do that wealth is synonymous with happiness or expressed the some other way, that poverty is synonymous with lack of happiness. The first argument to instal lack of blood surrounded by wealth and happiness is the higher incidents of suicides among richer countries than those fr om poor countries. If ace compares a poor country like Philippines compared with richer countries like Singapore, Japan, Australia and US, one could secure see on that point are more people committing suicides in richer countries despite the higher standard of living from the latter countries (WHO, 2008).If economic well being is an assurance of happier well being then why is the big difference in the number of deaths by suicides? Suicide is a voluntary or self inflicted and said event is a monstrance of lack of happiness. Psychologists would agree that happiness is difficult to measure but they would not disagree that suicide is a proof of lack of happiness and willingness to continue in life. It crowd out be argued that the pressure to acquire more material wealth in more developed countries has created its own consequences.To cite an example, Singapores quick economic success appears to have its social cost as a price. Life in said country has become a rat lam for people who cannot just easily acquire resources for living as others. Think Centre (2007) cited the fear of being retrenched in job as a allow for of restructuring that could push the person to commit suicide. Singapore is noted to have a suicide rate higher than country like Thailand when life is reported to be much more comfortable in Singapore (Think Centre, 2007) .What could explain these things are the facts that the Singaporeans tend be striving harder, less tolerant of failures and overly materialistic (Think Centre, 2007). addicted this situation it would be easy to establish the lack of connection between wealth (or poverty) and happiness (or lack of it). As a result of high-pressure living, the economic growth has not spread happiness to all hard-pressed Singaporeans. Many citizens do not have retirement savings and have been advised to organize beyond 765 years to survive in this expensive city (Think Centre, 2007).Blinkered Thinker,( n. d) cited the case of the southeast Asi an country of Myanmar , which borders Bangladesh, India, China, and Thailand, and which is among the poorest countries on the globe. Poverty was indeed found in Yangon as well as Myanmar but people in said places are noted to be the most hospitable and helpful tourist on earth with their smiles beating those of Thailand. It was therefore admitted that wealth can reduce privation and some of the unnecessary sources of unhappiness, but happiness is a mood and not an economic state. (Blinkered Thinker, n. d.) This again confirms earlier statement that wealth is economic while happiness is social. It was however observed that in Myanmar that about 85% of the Burmese (Myanmar) people make a form of Buddhism, which teaches that people happiness is attainable only by forsaking worldly desires (Blinkered Thinker, n. d. ). In this sense, materialism has become a contradiction of happiness. Zhang (2005) has argued that political economy has failed to address this one fundamental issue until this very day. The author argued that happiness depends not so much on absolute wealth as relation back wealth.There appears to be trade off actually between happiness and wealth as people would do more work for increase in wages but they will receive less leisure in return (Zhang, 2005). This could be easy to understand as wealth is material while happiness is social (Zhang, 2005), thus, thus the cardinal need not go together. What is said by one person that he or she is happy does not necessarily mean what is really meant. Asking a person on whether he or she is happy may not necessarily give the ready answer as one could lie to hide guilt or deny the miserable feeling inside.In response to a study which tries to show a correlation between happiness and wealth (Wolfers, 2008), Arthur Engel, a blogger, who is a psychoanalyst from Brazil pointed out the difference between being happy and dictum that one is happy. In admitting about the difficulty of measuring whether someone is happy or not, he criticized the method of asking respondent as not a good method to find out happiness. The blogger was saying that the respondent could always lie to cover up something and that there are just many factors that could determine the answers.The claim that a wealthier person is a happier, cannot therefore easily be accepted (Wolfers, 2008). The same blogger however posited that one who watches a documentary about poverty in Africa, or about rape victims, cancer hospitals, etc. may indeed find himself happier than those persons in Africa. The difficulty of measuring happiness is still there so what one feels for the seeming unfortunate people may not actually be felt by these people. But in realizing that if the suicide indices are used as measures, he agreed that suicide is something almost exclusively committed by rich people. (Wolfers, 2008) Another argument that would show the lack of relationship between poverty (or wealth) happiness (or lack of it) is the fact t hat lack of happiness could be a lot for both the rich and the poor. Another blogger to that economics of happiness reacted by quoting Herodotus who said, Call no man happy until he is dead. Expressing his disbelief of the analysis, because of bad methodology, vague terminology, too-eager conclusions, and failure to mention contradictory studies, which is believer to be many, the blogger was cocksure the absence of relationship between wealth and happiness.This latter blogger however realized that the misery of having money worries which can seep into and poison every aspect of ones life. She therefore admitted having enough money so that one does not have to worry, can really help but beyond that, she does not see any reason to believe, based on personal experience, that people with lots of money are that much happier than people with adequate money (Wolfers, 2008). On other point of view, it may be argued that wealthier people are happier people.Wolfers (2008) presented a paper that shows a correlation between happiness and wealth which was claimed to be the result of studies across countries in a number of periods. It could however be argued statistically that correlation is not the same causality. If applied to this case, there is no proof that happiness is create people to become wealthy or that wealthier people are happier as result of better wealth. Moreover the responses were direct answers which may not really be reflective of the truth as respondents could always lie to hide some guilt.Since it is very hard to measure happiness, the result of the study could just not he held valid. It may be further argued that since everybody as a rule wants to be wealthy, should it not mean that happiness is desired as an effect? Everybody may just want to satisfy a need which cannot be misinterpreted as wanting to become wealthy but the result need not be happiness always. A human being is borne to have needs and that he or she has all the right to prepare for the future. There however is limit to what money can buy. It cannot buy a good sleep although it may be able to buy a good bed. I can buy amusement but it cannot buy happiness.It can be concluded that poverty and happiness belong to different realms. Although a correlation may be established between the two concepts, the relationship need not be causative as there other factors that must be considered including the manner in which happiness is measured. In received cases, poverty may bring simplicity of attaining ones satisfaction of ones need and hence the struggle to have more is lessen and this could mean greater acceptability for events that are happening in ones life. To have wealth is however not bad even in the absence of its necessary relation to happiness.Man is both material and social whereby he needs both material things and but at the end of the day, happiness appears to be ultimate desire of all people. If becoming wealthy or avoiding poverty is believed to be the m eans to attain happiness, the same should be respected as happiness is also personal and therefore a choice to be made.ReferencesBlinkered Thinker (n. d) Poverty Equals Happiness? , entanglement document URL, http//blinkeredthinker. com/2006/12/20/169/, Accessed may 2, 2008 Think Centre (2007) Suicide rate climbs despite good times (Insight Down South), www document URL http//www. thinkcentre. org/article. cfm?ArticleID=2877 , Accessed May 2, 2008 WHO (2008) Suicide Rates per 100, 000, www document URL http//www. who. int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suiciderates/en/, Accessed May 2, 2008 Wolfers (2008) The Economics of Happiness, Part 4 Are Rich People Happier than Poor People? , new-made York Times www document URL,http//freakonomics. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/04/22/the-economics-of-happiness-part-4-are-rich-people-happier-than-poor-people/, Accessed May 2, 2008 Xianhang Zhang (2005) Poverty and Happiness, www document URL, http//www. mail-archive. com/emailprotected gmu. ed u/msg00806. html, Accessed May 2, 2008

The Life and Legacy of Johann Sebastian Bach

The Life and Legacy of Johann Sebastian bachelorThe Life and Legacy of Johann Sebastian bachelorMany important figures have impacted and shaped the comprehensive history of westbound classical medicament. Even today, most laymen k instantaneously of the names of the great classical composers like prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and can even identify some of the most iconic melodies such as the opening subject to Ludwig Van Beethovens 5th Symphony. Surprisingly, these men of great talent all stem from the foundation influence by angiotensin-converting enzyme German composer Johann Sebastian Bach. Now, the name J.S. Bach evokes the Baroque period of euphony and its influence can be seen throughout the deeds of later periods and another(prenominal) composers. With such a satisfying impact, J.S. Bach in actuality had a very modest and local career and after Bachs death, his music was approximately completely forgotten. It was through his bequest among musicians and protgs whi ch sparked a rekindling of Bachs music and he now receives immense admiration and veneration for his practicedly challenging keyboard works, his potent liturgical works, and his vast amount of sheer repertoire.Johann Sebastian Bach was born on March 31st, 1685, into a highly musical family. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was the director of the township musicians and was skilled in the violin and harpsichord. J.S. Bach was the youngest of eight children all of whom were trained in harpsichord, violin, and basic music theory. Bach also had many uncles who were all professional person musicians working as local organists, court chamber musicians, and composers. Thus, J.S. Bach was immersed in music from a young age and also was trained in music theory, composition, the harpsichord, clavichord, organ, and violin. In particular, his older brother Johann Christoph Bach, an organist at the St. Michaels church service in Ohrdruf and pupil of Johann Pachelbel, became a prominent musi cal figure in J. S. Bachs life and further engendered his passion for music. At the age of 14, Bach attended the prestigious St. Michaels School in Luneburg, Germany where he was exposed to a all-encompassing variety of cultural sounds such as the music of Northern and Southern Germany, Italy, and France. In 1703, J. S. Bach was appoint the position of court musician at the chapel of Duke Johann Ernst III in the city of Weimar but was unhappy with his work as he was often unsatisfied with the church choirs and the amount of composing he was responsible for. Thus, Bach and his family was required to travel and move in order to seek better job opportunities. However, unlike most musicians, who would travel all across atomic number 63 performing and making a living, Bach lived relatively local moving from town to town all within the confines of Germany.Bach often had ideologic differences with his employer and he would compose some of his greatest works all in different cities and churches as well require to teach students. For instance, in 1723, Bach was appointed the Cantor of the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig where he served and composed till his death 27 years later. Bach was required to teach the students of the St. Thomas Church singing and keyboard. It was at this time that Bach wrote his Inventions and Sinfonias for keyboard, a collection of exercises that most pianists play even to this day in order to improve their technique, articulation, dexterity, precision, and speed. It was also as Thomaskantor that he wrote his Mass in B minor, considered to be one of the greatest choral works of all time.Johann Sebastian Bach died on July 28th, 1750 and although he was celebrated as an organist and harpsichordist, very few people beyond the city of Weimar knew of Bachs compositions. It was only the great composers and keyboardist to keep Bachs music alive in conservatories and libraries. Thus, the even the greatest of composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Frederic Chopin, and Felix Mendelssohn, all revered Bachs work as excellent keyboard music. This is because Bachs music was one of the most highly technical for the era, another being the music of Bachs contemporary, George Frederic Handel. During the Baroque period, keyboard instruments were often for accompaniment to harmonize and contrast with the string instruments of the orchestra. However, substantial advances for keyboard in result of Bachs compositions led to more solo prominence in music as well as facilitated the invention of the pianoforte, now one of the most learned music instruments.Moreover, Bach has left not only a large amount of music manuscripts but also his legacy as a keyboardist, and composer of liturgical and secular music. Through his travels and his encounters with different finishs and colleagues within the Baroque Era, Bach was able to capitalize on both the aesthetic culture of the time and the variety of styles across countries. Also, as Bach had shift ed positions and employers many times, he was required to create new music contextually depending on purpose and location. As Bach was a religiously devoted man, he wrote a numerous amount of chorales, pastoral songs, and congregational hymns for the choir and organ or harpsichord. As Bach began teaching and instructing, Bach began to write more works for keyboard that included a variety of preludes and fugues, toccatas, fantasies, and theme and variation works.Baroque music in general is classified ad by its heavily ornate technicality and grandiose sounds all within a systematically controlled framework. Thus, Bachs music is highly articulate and technical a reason why the great pianists Felix Mendelssohn and Franz Liszt both practiced with Bach works and built upon his keyboard foundation. Bach also further developed German music through his skill in counterpoint, harmonic, and motivic organization, and the adaptation of rhythms, forms and textures. However, after Bachs death, mu ch of his music was deemed archaic and old-fashioned as new composers such as Franz Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven brought forth the new era of Classical music. Soon, most of the general public did not know of J. S. Bachs name in the beginning of the 19th century. Many pivotal figures reincarnated Bachs name through the years. First, Johann Nikolaus Forkels wrote the composers biography in 1802. The pianist and composer, Felix Mendelssohn further popularized Bachs name by arranging and performing the St. Matthew Passion. The performance proved to be successful as Bachs name and reputation as a composer soon revived. By the 1850s, the Bach-Gesellschaft, or the Bach Society, was founded in order to further preserve Bachs works and promote his repertoire. New works by Bach are still being found to this day.Bachs enormous library of music is simply a testament to his manufacture and creativity. With such music, Bach was able to pave a way for future musicians and composers. Through his advancement in keyboard work, Bach provided the technique for great pianists. With his teachings and instructions, many of his protgs moved on to become great Classical era composers. Even presently, Bachs works are performed by the finest of performers and has become very a household name for both musicians and laymen alike.Works ConsultedBach, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750). Encyclopedia of world biography. Detroit Gale, 1998Grout, D. J. (1980) A history of western music. New York, NY W. W. NortonKerman, J. and G. Tomlinson (2012). Listen (7th edition). Boston, MA Bedford/St. MartinsKennedy, M. (2006) The Oxford dictionary of music. New York, NY Oxford University PressKevorkian, T. Bach Family. Europe, 1450 to 1789 Encyclopedia of the early modern world.Ed. Jonathan Dewald. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 2004The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. Stanley Sadie. London MacmillanPublishers, 1980.Randel, D. M. (2003) The Harvard Dictionary o f Music. Cambridge, MA Harvard UniversityPress.

Political System of Pakistan

Political System of PakistanINTRODUCTIONThe legitimate outline of establishment in Pakistan is a mixed, hybrid wee-wee of presidential term with elements from the parliamentary as hygienic as the presidential arrangings. The country initially had a parliamentary form of goernment, it shifted to a presidential iodine with the 1962 constitution besides later reverted back to a parliamentary wizard consort to the catamenia 1973 constitution. However, the various amendments and modifications to the constitutional edible carried out by policy-making bleeders everywhere the years have left a pop, parliamentary presidency only in report card. The question that this paper, thus, attempts to function is that, is a pure parliamentary form of judicature suitable for Pakistan?To find a proper conclusion to the aforementioned question, the essay will explore the shortfalls of the current trunk and compare the two forms of regimen i.e. parliamentary and presidential, in orde r to suggest the damp suited government structures of the two. In order to do this India, with its similarities to Pakistan in terms of shared history and culture, is taken as an example for Pakistan a grand with instances of the two types of democratic government systems prevalent in other countries. While the arguments for Parliamentary and Presidential forms of governments whitethorn draw inspiration from their practical application in India and elsewhere but these examples will be implied and non necessarily always mentioned explicitly. explore METHODOLOGYThe research for this paper comprised primarily of re view of works by ceremonious professionals and academics in the field. Most of the research was limited to consultation of print and online sources for glide slope to published material on the relevant topic.The come outing point of analysis was with examination of the text containing reviews of the current system of government structure in Pakistan, its flaws and the eventual(prenominal) inefficiencies it has led to. Various journal articles and books were consulted for a variety of perspectives on the debate regarding the suitable system of government for Pakistan.Along with consultation of material for analysis of government structure of various countries, especially India and the South Asian region in particular, online journals were looked upon for comparative perspectives on the suitable government structure and their merits and demerits.Although the research is limited to a select few academics and professionals in the field, it allows for a sample of the general prevalent views on the issue since both sides of the debate have been looked at.LITERATURE REVIEWA large majority of literature on the topic is either astir(predicate) the shortfalls of the current mixed government of Pakistan or it highlights how the presidential system of government is better suited for the country. What is needed, however, is a detail comparison of the two sy stems and non just analysis of any one of the systems with regards to Pakistan. Material by foreign academics and professionals looks at the Pakistani political system in comparison to their own and focuses on the inadequacies of the Pakistani system. The following reviewed literature comprises of a small sample of previously conducted study and analyses on the subject under discussion. Khalid Sayeed (1967), in his book The Political System of Pakistan, explained the chronological progression of events leading up to the constitution of 1962 and the provisions it made regarding the system of constitution to be put in practice in Pakistan. Regarding the 1962 constitution, the originator (Sayeed, 1967) was of the view that the constitution severely curtailed the powers of the parliament and reduced the country to a distorted adjustment of a presidential government. The author provided a favorable opinion about the parliamentary form of government, provided that it is actually in it s truly democratic form (Sayeed, 1967, pp. 83). Although the author has given his opinion with support through illustrative historical examples but the author has failed to mention, explicitly, the merits or demerits of either of the systems of government and his clear choice of the either of the two. The authors arguments seemed to hypothesize a leaning towards the parliamentary system but he does not clearly highlight his choice, leaving the audience a little ambiguous about his perspective.In the book entitled Government of Pakistan, Parmatma Sharan (1975) gave an outsiders opinion regarding the system of government present in Pakistan with comparison to their home country, Indias government system. The author has sounded alarms regarding the high centralisation of the government in Pakistan throughout the years ever since its independence. The author has said that this should be countered since a weaker leadership jakes, and has shown in actuality, the perils of a weak decisi on-making power in times of need (Sharan, 1975, pp. 150).Ahmed Shuja Pasha (1995), in his account of the scenario of the Pakistani politics, was of the view that people themselves are largely responsible for choosing the wrong leaders as their democratic representatives. Pasha (1995, pp. 281-287) believed that the inefficiencies present in the political system of Pakistan are largely due to the particular that people associate democracy with one particular psyche who takes advantage of the situation and manipulates their powerful position for their own gains. Pashas (1995) views were a little biased as he does not contain the constant shuffling of the politics as much of a enigma for the neglect of people getting accustomed to the workings of a democracy. The authors views were favorable for the military machine as he finds the military having the most disciplined set up during the times it came into power in the country (Pasha, 1995, pp. 189-190).In an attempt to contextuali ze the latest Musharraf-led military coup in Pakistan, Sohail Mahmood (2001) time-tested to consider the factors that have led to the demise of true democracy in the country. He was of the view that regardless of the fact that the country is under parliamentary or presidential regime, the country has never truly been a democratic country because of the highly centralized nature of governance (Mahmood, 2001, pp. 7). The author also discussed the current semi-parliamentary system of Pakistan in comparison with a more presidential system like governance. He analyzed the merits and demerits of both (Mahmood, 2001, pp.128-129). Although the author presented a fairly balanced view about the situation, he merely referenced historical political situations as chronological facts without his opinions being clear regarding them.The autho,r Udaya N. Shukla, in his essay Parliamentary Control over Government Policies in India (1990) looked at the parliamentary system as a British legacy. The s hortcomings in this system experienced in South Asia (by India as well as Pakistan) are attributed to the centralisation and the want of proper literate population to understand the exact nuts and bolts of a parliamentary government (Shukla, 1990). The author should consider that this leads to the political elite to manipulate the situation and also he should outline the kind of political elite that could benefit by the ignorance of the population regarding the system. This is important because it allows the audience to contextualize the problems that plague the current parliamentary form of government.Furthermore, it is not possible to make an absolute, decisive conclusion on the issue since access to every study and detailed research has not been possible and limited seconds of past discourses have been examined for the current analysis.ANALYSISPakistan, according to its constitution, is a federal official republic (Constitution of Pakistan 1973, Article 1(1)). This subject mat ter that Pakistan is a country where several autonomous adduces have come together under a federation, the states being the self-governing provinces and the federal capital, Islamabad, being the centralizing federal self-assurance. cosmos a republic, Pakistani government is a government where majority of the power vests among the larger body of citizens and where there is a nous of state but that is not a monarch, the head of state is democratically elected, directly or indirectly (Merriam-Webster, 2011). The Constitution of Pakistan calls for a democratically elected government where the legislative ascendence is vested in the Parliament and the executive is led by the President (Constitution of Pakistan 1973, Objectives Resolution). The origins of the sort of power division proposed by the 1973 Constitution can be found in the Separation of Powers doctrine proposed by Montesquieu (Anon. web). The Montesquieu doctrine called for division of the powers to govern a country with three proper divisions i.e. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Checks and Balances on all three of them by each other were proposed to ensure that every government instrument carried upon its tasks without infringing upon other institutions. However, the system of mixed government at present in Pakistan where the President, in paper is ceremonial, but in reality is a political affiliate of a particular party and where the Prime minister is not only the leader of the legislative body but also the head of the Council of Ministers which is the Executive body, is not properly following the Separation of Powers. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, the fourth Prime Minister of Pakistan, has even been quoted calling the 1965 government one that is a government of the President, by the President and for the President (Sayeed, 1967, pp. 105), there is a similar situation at present as well.This is a problem for the country since the population has not even been accustomed to the concept of a proper p arliamentary democracy that was introduced initially, now the highly distorted form of government is the product of and also leads to further irresponsible decision-making by the countrys leadership, centralization of all important government policy matters and hegemony of the few. These inefficiencies have also been reflected in the political parties of Pakistan and their working.Being a heterogeneous society, Pakistan, like other developing countries with people from a diverse background, for instance India, Pakistan also needs the participation of a larger number of people in the political life in order to break the shackles of domination that the political elite are keeping an overwhelming majority skip in (Kohli, 1994, pp. 90). The form of government and the design of party politics prevalent at present in the country is a major road avert towards a liberal democratic Pakistan where all adults are actually empowered and educated enough to voice their opinions. Party politics is dominated by a handful of feudal families which share the government between them. This leads to a centralized system of decision making in the country regarding national and international matters which does not necessarily effectively reflect the majoritys opinion and keeps the ascendancy of the few (Kohli, 1994 Sayeed, 1967).Pakistan has also been suffering from bad governance owing to high centralization of the command (Sharan, 1975 Sayeed, 1977 Mahmood, 2001). This centralization of the decision making further conforms to Atul Kohlis (1994) comments regarding the increased hegemony of the richer, more dominant political elite. With increased concentration of powers not only does one psyche or post become uncontrollably powerful but there is an increased chance of the irresponsible and corrupt usage of that power (Mahmood, 2001). In Pakistans case if the Prime Minister or the President is leading the Legislative body as well as the Executive they themselves are the ones maki ng any new laws and regulations and ensuring their adherence by the general public, this becomes a case similar to the British Monarchy where the crown is above the law (De, 1991, pp. 246). A situation like this leads to chaos when that particular person does not remain in their position anymore and since there has been no power sharing and none of the other institutions have contributed to the decision making edge so nobody is ready to all assume responsibility automatically upon the vacation of the office. Ahmed S. Pasha (1995) also sounded off similar comments when he mentioned that the population associated democracy with one person and the exit of that person caused chaos and disruption in the functioning of the government.In order to clear up the mess of the mixed system and completely evolve into a more efficient form of governance it is necessary to understand both the systems of government Parliamentary and Presidential.The Parliamentary form of government has been labe l by most as a direct descendent of Monarchy. While a monarch comes into power by a dynastic succession, the head of state in a parliamentary form of government is democratically elected through the concept of universal suffrage (Philip. 2007, pp. 42). The existence of political parties is crucial for a parliamentary form of government. For a true parliamentary democracy, S.C. Stokes (1999, pp.263) said that political parties are an essential component and there is no removing them. However, the present party system does not seem capable enough to accommodate the essence of a liberal democracy where any number of people from any background can represent their group. Thus, for establishing an effective liberal parliamentary democracy political parties need to be truly democratic themselves (Mahmood, 2001). This measure may also effectively work on the issue of centralization of power in the hands of a few since with a democratic setup of the parties more people from diverse backgrou nds can recruit in the party politics. Another feature of the parliamentary system is that the division of powers is often blurred this again alludes to the Monarchical roots of the parliamentary system of government. However, lack of strong division of power does not mean lack of power sharing. Even in a parliamentary system there can be more decentralized decision making with powers vested in various echelons of the government. This can be seen in United Kingdom where although the final examination decision approving authority is with the executive the Crown, the decision-making power is highly differentiated with the House of Commons and the House of Lords being involved in the legislative process.On the other hand, the Presidential system of government is based strictly on the doctrine of Separation of Powers and the Head of the State the President, is elected directly by the population along with the core legislative body (Philip. 2007. pp. 39).Both the systems have their o wn merits and demerits but for a heterogeneous society like Pakistan where strong ethic affiliations play a central utilization in the populations trust in their representative, a parliamentary system is rather more effective because the direct election of the Head of State in Pakistan is decidedly not a suitable option as larger population areas are more likely to have their candidates elected to the office every time.Moreover, as Ahmed Shuja Pasha (1995) argued that most of Pakistans problems of electing the wrong candidate are associated with the lack of awareness regarding the best candidate by the general voters. The Presidential system calls for the election of one particular person and implementation of such a system in Pakistan would not change the status quo of re-election of the same feudal leaders. In a true form of Parliamentary system where political parties are truly democratic themselves, this would allow for parties to choose better candidates for election and help ing the largely illiterate Pakistani population in electing deserving representatives. Accountability of a non-deserving candidates election will be, in such a system, done once that person has been elected to the Parliament. The lack of capability of such a person would soon be exposed in a truly parliamentary system and this would lead to damaging of the political partys image so they would be wary of choosing those who are not capable.Another favorable argument for a parliamentary government system is that it allows for electing the government once, opposed a presidential system where the governments are to be elected in two steps once the congress and then the president (Mehta, 1994 Mahmood, 2001 Philip, 2007). This may lead to instances, in a presidential system, where the president is of a different political ideology than the majority of the congress. In such a situation passing economy would be a torturously slow task. While Sohail Mahmood (2001) was of the view that slowi ng down legislation is the goal for a country like Pakistan, in fact a quicker paced legislative process would be required for the country once it adopts the true democratic form of Parliamentary government. This quicker paced legislative process would be favored because this way reforms and legislation favored by the public can be enacted quickly which would be very slow if a Presidential system is adopted..One point that defendants of the Presidential system make is that it brings the leaders closer to the people and this way the population can decide the best person they feel that can govern them (Philip, 2007, pp.45). However, in Pakistan this is actually a disadvantage since charismatic leadership is often overshadowed by the feudal hegemony maintained by the popular opinion elite. A pure parliamentary system can at least allow more people to compete alongside the ruling elite and may be they even give them an opportunity to be a part of the government.CONCLUSIONThe question o f the form of government is extremely important for Pakistan because the form of government intended by the constitution is a parliamentary form of democracy (Constitution of Pakistan 1973, Preamble). This already establishes that all administrative and political aspects of governance will be dealt with according to the general provisions of a parliamentary democratic government. An important aspect to be discussed here is that parliamentary democracy itself is the ideal form because of a long history of the success rate of a parliamentary democracy as compared to a presidential one. Jos Cheibub and Fernando Limongi (2002, pp. 152) have reported that most forms of parliamentary democracies have survived over a longer period of time unlike a presidential form which has fallen prey to a dictators hands numerous times. Although in the current system even the president is part of one of those families, in the long term once a true liberal democratic regime has been established in the co untry the hegemony of the few might be effectively destroyed and the president will work as merely a ceremonial head of state, as can be seen in India. Regulation of political parties is also important and legislation to enforce certain measures, like in-party elections, should be introduced.Whatever the final outcome may be, it is quite welcome that the current government has at least intended to move away from the present mixed system to a more parliamentary form of government. The incumbent Prime Minister of Pakistan has been reported to have resolved to make sure necessary steps are taken to start the process of this transition (Daily Times, 2008 VOA News, 2010). It is suggested to the current government that decentralization of decision-making and clean-up process within the political parties be taken as the first steps to start the journey towards a pure parliamentary democracy for Pakistan.

Telecom Industry

Telecom Industry focussing education remains IntroductionMIS (Management Information System) is a routine which pull up stakess the essential information for managing an organization in an strong manner. The information generated by MIS is considered to be the most important equipment of c atomic number 18ful and the decisions made in trade. For an organization, MIS must support the guidelines, practices, procedures, standards, and policies. both these have to be followed throughout the development, maintenance, and usage of the institution. Multiple levels by the carry onment atomic number 18 economic consumptiond and viewed by the MIS. Owner is the implementr of the system who uses the present customer and the constituent requirements and has the enough budgets for funding the new projects. By building the ownership it not only promotes the institutions pride but also helps in ensuring the accountability. Not of necessity the reduction of the expenses is done by MIS . By developing the systems meaningfully, using them properly reduces the possibility of qualification erroneous decisions due to inaccurately. The resources great deal be wasted by the decisions made erroneously. This might result adversely on the capital.TELECOM INDUSTRY- A Case StudyAircel is a JV of Gogo colloquys located in Malaysia and Apollo Hospitals of India. 74% stake belongs to Maxis and the former(a) 26% belongs to Apollo hospitals. Aircel is Indias 5th largest provider of GSM mobiles service. .Its subscribers too are many they account for about 27.7 million as on the 31st of Oct 2009. By 2010 it is thinking of expanding its services throughout India. It has also sought permission for to provide for Long distance calls for both national and international users. The telecom dept has granted permission.ABS (Aircel business solutions) is a part of Aircel and it is an ISO 9000 certified organisation. Its products include enterprisingness solutions like Multiprotocol Lab el Switching Virtual Private Networks (MPLS VPNs), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Managed television set Services on wireless platform including WiMAX (www.aircel.com)Q1) Provide information across various departmentsStability in the Payroll and financial departmentsFor companies to be successful, it is critical to manage data in effect(p)ly.Data was made avail fit and accesses able to e actuallyone. This included.* Payroll* Financial information* Customer tracking systems.Implementation of MIS indeed played a very crucial role at Aircel. Absence of proper MIS system would mean lack of proper accessibility of data at the nick time, this further leads to surprise and lack of proper sustenance of available resources.In order to plan the budgets and operations and for making projections, data has to be retrieved continuously by the managers and the corporate executives. leading can accurately perk up decisions and access large data by storing the data in a single do and manage it. As the managers and the employees got inclined to the new learning curve for the first year has to be expected. Training is needed for the executives for reading the results and learning to start with the usage of the resources they had not employ in past. Implementation in the HR function and its overall benefitsAircel selected SAP ERP which is a Payroll and HR software. It helped Aircel to get rid of unwanted /duplicate information across many locations. Also it saved the HR personnel from making manual entries of data.Benefits of MIS in field of HR By Implementing the MIS through SAP ERP, HR functions are 33% quicker than standard approach Improvement in all field such as 60% of cost reduction in development, 50% cost and time saved for spending in lower project and 70% fewer in post go-live corrections. Risk Mitigation and resolving issues on time services. Ongoing support from SAP is fully active for the user to access go-live it. Reduce Manual work and saves time. Decreased the Payroll Processing hertz time from 15 days to 5 days. Monitoring the payroll and Generating Tax Declaration for employee is easier.8. Simple and Easy way of handling activity of employee leaves entitlement.Effective writ of execution of MIS should be done by analysing and considering MIS needs at tactical level and strategic levels. Tactical Level of MIS can be used in treat annual report and annual budget. In this case, the support of long term Strategic level of MIS also required to initiates the business plan. This implies that to get benefit of effective MIS, organization should consider the levels of MIS that are to be used in organization and that should be analyzed before implementing.Merger and Acquisition of company with an new(prenominal)(prenominal) company, growing Company introducing new products and services are the best common example for developing and implementing MIS.Q2) Facilitate decision making at the three tiers of anxietyMIS deals w ith handle of collecting the information, processing, storing the information and transmitting relevant to the support the management operation. This shows the process and success of decision-making. Administrative process of organization highly depends on the decision making. ratiocination making is done with the available information and functions in the organization. Proper result cannot be found because of lack of information that leads unlikely to yield the optimal or desired result.The back bone for the systems of decision makingThis system is growth along with the development in Management Information System. MIS also supports decision making in both structured problem environment and unstructured problem environment at every strata of organization. MIS constitutes many things such as people, computers, procedures, databases, synergetic interrogation facilities and so on.Methods of Decision MakingAn MIS system must be developed in such a manner that it aids in accomplishi ng organisational objectives listed here under.* Communication channels and mediums should be more effective amongst employees* Send across critical data more efficiently and effectively* A comprehensive and constructive system should be made available for collecting, analysing and using the data.* A process of digitization has to be implemented which minimise the cost of labour oriented activities* Be able to strategise the organisations decision making process.There are lot of MIS tools available which includes software, databases, hardware and specially designed support applications.The input travel byn to any one of the mentioned Management Information System is transformed into useful and related information that help to give results as reports or statements, try to make future predictions base on the derived information. Knowledge Base in the MIS can also be used as answer to queries which helps to take a particular action/decision on what if scenario. Thus information given by Management Information Systems is accurate and unique which helps to give decision making.The primary aim of MIS is to make sure that information is grably channelized to the right people at work ship. That is called as Internal Decision Makers and External Decision Makers. And they are considered as good decision maker for zip the organization. And this process is completed on time, reliable with good quality information to the decision makers. It is essential to understand that managers are answerable for* The outcomes of the actual reports* The effect of the reports that are direct on certain behaviour* Making a team which is long lasting and equally effective which can accomplish targets effectively and on time.* Equipping their respective teams with good managerial and leadership support.In the conventional management arrangement hirarchy for the flow of information is inthe hobby fashionTop pose lowerIn a digitised environment the scenario is different it aids in eff ective communication simultaneously across the various levels. Presently managers are use and trust computerised systems.* They are Systems* Which process dealings* Which support the process of decision making* Which aid and store data regarding operations* nice systema. exercise Processing SystemTransaction Processing System is a collection of information, used to process the data at the time of transaction in database system. It is used to monitoring device the transaction program such as predefined program for the output. For example, Electronic Payment is made to withdraw money from one account and added the same to the other or none at all, likewise transaction made in shopping, car rental, poker, ticket reservation are also the examples of Transaction Processing System. If the transaction is failed or partially completed, it must be rolled back (undo the recent changes) by this Transaction Processing System. Other transaction monitoring functions like cul (two or more pro cess competing for each other to release the resources in circular chain).b. Operation Information SystemOperation Information Systems is a stem of system provides significant information for the day-to-day operation in the organization. The advantage of OIS is, it supports the real time delivery of information to the other application such as task allotted, start time and end time, time taken to complete the allotted tasks.This automated system will enable a manager to make a conclusive estimate on a project given or task handled. He will also be able to monitor an employees performance. Similarly an employee too will be able to highlight his performance at the time of annual appraisal or at the time of impermanent check.c. Decision Support SystemIt is set of manual or computer based tools to support technological and managerial decision-making activities. Decision Support System is interactive software based helpful to make decision by formulate the alternatives, analysis the bu siness models and impact of it, identify and solve the problem by selecting the appropriate option for implementation.This application aids many functions by collecting information likeAnalysis of cash flowForecasting at various levels and other relate informationInformation on the performance of a product bothocation of resourcesSales comparison etcAircel has to streamline all its information such as its financial information, data regarding its assets, legacy and other kinds of data. If this is in place, the DSS will be able to assist in a sound decision making process.d. Expert SystemExpert System is Artificial scholarship (AI) software which uses the intimacy base of human expertise for problem solving. Expert System is based on quality of data and rules obtained and assigned from the human expert.Most common methods used to simulate the performance of Expert System are* Creating Knowledge Base uses information representation to acquire the (Subject Matter Expert) knowledge o f the SME* Knowledge Engineering The information should be gathered via a rigorous questioning process. For Aircel, once everything is in place the Expert system will assist in addressing unresolved issues.The above mentioned systems are largely used in handling the data in an organization.MIS can be preserved and further developed either manually or via automated systems or by using both methodologies combination of both.It also performs other activities such as monitoring the information, dispersal the information to the management, employees and customers.Effective implementation of MIS results in Meeting the Business Goals and Objectives, Supports the delivery of the product and services. Easy to access and use at level of organization. Significant use of the strategy used for handling risk to assist the management in performing reviews..Q3 Serve as efficient means for managing business processBusiness ProcessA business process or a methodology of business is the gathering con cerned, channelized activities to finally variety either a service or a product. Also it can be said as a group of activities clearly spread across time and people with a start and an end. Here the materials to be used and what would be the resultant outputs are clearly defined. The very start of a process of business is usual the wants of customer and it ends at a point of customer satisfaction. In order to complete such a process organisations rely on sources of information which may be external or internal. It may be noted that business processes are created to add value to a customer. The result of an excellent business process is enhanced effectiveness (to the customer and the way of doing business) with a reduction operating costs monitor Till date the various MIS systems have were not able satisfy the requirements of an individual making decision entirely. These are in terms of* Decision making under stress/pressure* track competition* Taking into consideration organisatio nal information that has a different view point.In order to be able to react quickly to changes that take place on the market, organisations need management information systems that would make it possible to carry out different cause and effect analyses of organisations themselves and their environments (Power, 2001).According to (Kalakota, Robinson Business Intelligence (BI) systems provide a proposal that faces needs of contemporary organisations. Main tasks that are to be faced by the BI systems include intelligent exploration, integration, aggregation and a 4-dimensional analysis of data originating from various information resources. Systems of a BI standard combine data from internal information systems of an organisation and they integrate data glide path from the particular environment e.g. statistics, financial and investment portals and miscellaneous databases. Such systems are meant to provide adequate and reliable up-to-date information on different aspects of enterpr ise activities. (Kalakota, Robinson, 1999 Liautaud, Hammond, 2002 Moss, Alert, 2003)The primary results of the research register that the BI systems have a major role in showing and infusing both enhancements in production and transparency in cascading knowledge. Also they make sure that business* Monitor the profitability* Scrutinize expenditures* Gauge the environments and atmosphere of corporates* Investigate upon irregularities and instances of fraud.The upcoming years have had many discussions regarding problems in BI .These include the approaches of OLAP. Though problems are discussed in detail talks regarding the actual proper implementation of BI are yet to materialize. There are no proper guidelines or information regarding proper implementation of BI. Organisations are in the process of finding out efficient methods of creating and handling BI themselves. All in an environment of rampant change,growth and increase in the competitiveness amongst business. Businesses in general are treading the path of disaggregation.How its implementation is effectiveImplementation of Business Intelligence is effective and it is analyzed from different perspectives. Decision Makers of the organization mainly associate with Business Intelligence for implementing organizational specific methodology and philosophy. Here, BI systems are conception to be the solution, essential for recording information into data by analyzing including reporting with the consolidated data. Information is transferred into knowledge by Data Drilling and finally knowledge transferred to Decision to improve competitiveness. (Refer Fig.2)It is said that the Value of BI for business is predominantly expressed in the fact that such systems cast some light on information that may serve as the basis for carrying out fundamental changes in a particular enterprise, i.e. establishing new cooperation, acquiring new customers, creating new markets, go products to customers (Chaudhary, 2004 Olszak, Ziemba, 2004 Reinschmidt, Francoise, 2002).Source own elaboration.The four critical facets of Risk management are1. Operational procedures2. Management and Employees3. Practices or strategies4. Feedback mechanisms and devicesUsing Management Information System, information management are available for both prep and decision making with respect to the technology.Technology also enhances the scope for incorrect and inaccurate information being describe out which as a result cause wrong decision making due to lack to data, unclear/missing data.Since data is extracted from many financial system and transaction system, there should be apt control processes or functions have to be setup to make sure the data is accurate and appropriate. laterality must ensure that systems on small computer like microcomputers which have well defined processing controls are as good as traditionally larger mainframe computers.It has become mandatory to set up an individual framework with effective fun damental principles like identifying risk, establishing controls and providing a review of MIS that is good and mentoring systems across the organization. OCC gives full support to putting these concepts from penning them to enhancing the usefulness communication throughout the organization. OCC recommended the organization to follow the fundamental principles such as appropriate Internal Controls, operating(a) Procedures and Safeguards and Audit Coverage.Aircel has chosen an MIS system that will provide the best results for its organisation. While conferring upon an MIS Aircel has done a cost analysis. According to it an MIS should bring a good communicate on the investment made and additional costs should not be incurred for implementation of such a system. For the success of an MIS there should be* Deft planning* Good foresting* Timely reporting and evaluation.If the entire above are adhered to then an organisation will be able to make proper decisions. If information is stacke d appropriately then the flow of information will be easier and efficient which will enable an organisation to make effective value add decisions. everywhere all benefits of MIS implementation at AircelAccording to Gary BI differs from MIS (i.e. DSS, EIS, and ES) in first of all, their wider thematic range, multivariate Analysis, semi-structured data originating from different sources and multidimensional data Presentation (Gray, 2003).Olszak and Ziemba say that BI may support decision make on all levels of management regardless of the level of their structuralisation (Olszak, Ziemba, 2003).On the Strategic Level, Setting the Objectives precisely and following the established objectives is idle in BI. Using BI, it is easy to perform different comparative reports such as Comprehensive results, the viability of certain offers, successfulness of the various distribution startegis and channels alongside implementation of and predicting the results for the future based on assumptions m ade.ConclusionImplementation MIS in organization is very essential. This can be found by the following benefits.To improve the quality of an administrative process in an organization can be identified by their proven practices. MIS is User-friendly window based system performing Time management, Resource Management by generating tickler/alert, online appointment Scheduling, Clear, better and faster record access which includes real time updation. MIS is easy to access through internet and Availability and reliability of Access and Crisis line information to service provider. Information analysis, Data Gathering, Report and Performance Monitoring. Usage of MIS application results in greater accountability such as improve the measurement at Client, program and system levels. MIS have built-in quality and compliance controls to give quality. MIS can able to replace multiple applications such as old software, billing system, having inefficient client data and software which are consider s as very old, non-user friendly, inapt to the organization. Handling single application is easier than maintaining much old application.References* Maniac , Management information system The centre of management decision making, available at http//www.helium.com/items/242575-management-information-system-the-center-of-management-decision-making, accessed on March 20th 2010.* Anon (2005), COREinternational Inc, available at http//www.coreinternational.com/threeTierManagement.htm, accessed on March 15th 2010.* Stair, Reynolds, Principles of Management Information Systems A managerial Approach, 7th magnetic variation* P. Kishore Kumar, 2006, Information Decision Making, available at http//www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC307/fc307.html* Kotler, Philip Keller, Kevin Lane (2006). Marketing Management (12 ed.). Pearson Education.* OBrien, J (1999). Management Information Systems Managing Information Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise. Boston Irwin McGraw-Hill.* Comptrollers vade mecum 3 Management Information Systems* James Reason (1990). Human Error. Ashgate. ISBN 1840141042.* Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky (2000). Choice, Values, Frames. The Cambridge University* Charles H. Kepner, Benjamin B. Tregoe (1965). The Rational Manager A Systematic Approach to Problem Solving and Decision-Making. McGraw-Hill, June 1965* Blackhart, G. C., Kline, J. P. (2005). individualist differences in anterior EEG asymmetry between high and low defensive individuals during a rumination/distraction task. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 427-437.* Drake, R. A. (1993). Processing coaxing arguments 2. Discounting of truth and relevance as a function of agreement and manipulated activation asymmetry. Journal of Research in Personality, 27, 184-196.* Chua, E. F., Rand-Giovannetti, E., Schacter, D. L., Albert, M., Sperling, R. A. (2004). Dissociating confidence and accuracy Functional magnetic sonority imaging shows origins of the subjective memory experience. Jo urnal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1131-1142.* Isabel Briggs MyersMyers, I. (1962) Introduction to Type A description of the theory and applications of the Myers-Briggs type indicator, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto Ca., 1962.

Bluetooth :: sCommerce Technology Essays

A new technology of the 21st speed of light is reshaping human life. The concept of silent commerce, commonly known as sCommerce is the silent transfer of cognition and information through mobile phones and electronic devices. Sadly, this technology is initiating the transition from a humanistic society to a more electronically controlled world. This new, perhaps, frightful world introduces electronic devices capable of thinking for themselves without human control. Imagine the average teenager purchasing a CD player with enough intelligence to exchange and communicate with his/her laptop computer without the childs consent. Or your Kenmore frig secretly letting your grocer know when youre out of milk. Scary isnt it? Well, sCommerce, particularly the Bluetooth chip, gives these electrically run gadgets these abilities. It allows inhuman things to contribute human capabilities and perhaps exceed our own brain power. Truly, the Bluetooth chip may be an eye opening technolo gical breakthrough, but has harmful humanistic, economic affects with its integration into the electronic and mobile/telecommunication world . Realistically, the average technologically involved person has heard the term Bluetooth. The apparent name of this chip is derived from the 10th century Scandinavian king, Harald Bluetooth, who was historically known for uniting various unorganized kingdoms. Similarly, Bluetooth is specialized to unite many competing electronic standards under one main specification. By definition, Bluetooth is a global de facto standard for wireless connectivity. Based on a low-cost, short-range radio link, Bluetooth cuts the cords that used to tie up digital devices. When two Bluetooth supply devices come within 10 meters range of each other, they can establish a connection together.

Capital Punishment Essay - America Needs the Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

America Needs the Death Penalty Ever since the death penalty has been declared constitutional in 1976,thousands of multitude drive been placed on death row and 314 of them have beenexecuted.( Yaffe,1) Thirty-eight states now allow the death penalty, with NewYork being the last to adapt this polity last March. Massachusetts andIowa have been trying to pass a law that would to allow the death penalty to beused in their states. Capital penalty is most often saved for murder andsometimes arson, treason, burglary, and forcible rape of a 14 year old or underfrom a 18 year old or older, but it varies within each state. thither are manypoliticians who are trying to pass laws banning the death penalty. There arearound 3000 volume on death row across the country right now and if thesepoliticians get their way, then 3000 lives will be spared.(Matthews,1) The surpriseof this issue continues to persist with many pile questioning if capitalpunishment is really the answer to solving the pro blem of crime. The deathpenalty sh ould beallowed because it is not barbarous but rather fair and itscontinued use will end up helping out society in many ways. Many people who oppose the death penalty say it is in gentlemane and unfair.These people who oppose it say that all human life has the right to be respected. All human life does have the right to be respected but there is a point whenthat right can be lost, if someone takes the life of other human being thenthey have given up that right. Another claim the opposers to the death penaltymake is that the death penalty encourages more murders because if people see theauthority taking someones life, then they will think they can do it too. Thisis not true, if criminals see that more and more people are get the deathpenalty, this will cause them to think their actions over. The United Kingdomabolished the death penalty in 1965 and since then, violent crime has more thandoubled.(Matthews,2) The death penalty is not inhumane becau se it can be donepainlessly and quickly. In most cases when the execution was performed theprocess that was most often used was lethal injection. Out of the 314executions that have taken place since 1976 the majority of them, 179 have beendone by means of lethal injection. The electric chair has been used 123 times,the gas chamber 9 times, a firing squad twice, and hanging once.(Rodriquez,4) Lethal injection is a quick, non-suffering way to execute the death row