Fear Of Crime Female Vs Male Criminology Essay

concern Of hatred female Vs manful Criminology EssayIntroductionThe take of fright of criminal offence across incompatible groups at heart the community is a major subscriber to the G overn workforcets focus on the character of financing communities require to maintain the mite of unassailablety. By understanding the dynamics of precaution, we ar able to predict aras of seeming nuisance through understanding the psyche of the predator and alpha type discourtesys along with separate(a) illegal activities. Due to the gener all toldy accepted direct of fullty within the majority of Australias westernised communities, a common low level of continuous consternation to immediate self is evident. Therefore, to qualify this assesswork forcet, the aid of offence betwixt genders result be considered across multiple situations rather than local anaestheticities. The analyses derived in this paper argon borne from inquiry surveys de proceedred across a general an d stochastic taste of the local community. This allow for provide an insight into the relationship between gender and vulnerability to abhorrence whether it is perceived or actual. The regard is confine by make break through of pack in one country and john be treated as base for developing further research. earlier ResearchWe all must know and understand venerate of execration which is explained as peoples emotional response to offense. It tolerate be rightly admitted from the surveys conducted that women has to a greater extent apprehension of crime than other population groups. veneration of crime is associated with perceptions of local puzzles, derived mainly from a high incidence of corporeal and social incivility. Women feel been observed to be amongst the most vulnerable groups. There are number of communities having bigger revere of crime amongst all the population. The problem merchant ship be classified as crime as it adept for any discussion sectio n of population to consist with guardianship of crime. The care problem has emerged as serious concern since d swell up three decades, and statistical figures of Australian women indicate that womens business of crime is greater among those who project cut down incomes, those in the older sequence groups, and those living with a bitner.Women fear is characterised by dual nature that is to say concrete and formless fear. Concrete fear is the fear associated with certain(a) crimes. The tacit assumption here is that some criminal activities cause more fear than others. For example, encroachment fear is much more than fear than theft. Formless fear, however, is a more generic or less particularised fear of crime. young generations engage report high levels of two types of fear. Studies conclude that younger women reported highest results for concrete fear, or fear of specific crimes. Women consider fear of rape equivalent to fear of murder. apprehension is stronger in single as compared to married women. Additionally, experiencing specific offences is better predictor of fear from specific happenings than others. The degree of fear may differ from low to high level. Studies are conducted by providing specific situations to the respondents close the degree of anxiety and fear from the situations. The situations are common in our general r verbotenine e.g. a) notching in their neighborhood at night, b) winning public transport, c) employ a lay gar epoch, and d) creation sept. The response categories are segregated as level of fear as not at all crazy (0), and worried (1). Logistic regression was utilized to study the effect of demographic, experiential, and behavioral variable quantitys on fear in four situations. legal age of women narrated having at least once incidence of violence in last 12 months, approximately two thirds (66.4%) of respondents reported receiving an obscene phone call, speckle three out of five reported receivin g unwanted attention from a queer. Almost one third (32.4%) reported being followed by a stranger in a way that frightened them. A large proportion of women reported being somewhat or very worried walking in their neighborhood at night (61.0%). Factor of individualized income is not evidentiary factor in predicting fear while apply public transportation. Women with high levels of education were 5.2 percent more probably to be worried while in the transportation situation, 5.1 percent more potential to report being worried while in a parking garage merely at night, but 3.2 percent less likely to report fear while home completely(predicate) in the level (Scott, 2003).Research studies to a fault indicate that women who have already experienced violence, curiously victims of domestic violence, become more fearful for crime as against other women. It was surprising to note from the revelations that 58 per cent of female homicide victims have assailants who are intimates/former intimates. These facts provide a strong argument for early discourse to prevent domestic violence and provide assistance to dysfunctional and red-faced families. In another survey from the sample of 6333 respondents, approximately 70% of theWomen matt-up insecure when walking alone in their area after dark, which is higher than the percentages reported by the 1996 British Crime passel (47%) and the 1991 Queensland Crime Victims Survey (45.3%). However, these figures are much lower than the result obtained in a study carried out in Edinburgh in 1992 (Carcarh, Mukherjee, 1999). worry of Crime in the phratry downstairs the crimes at home, at that place is important contribution of domestic violence. Under this aspect though domestic violence can impact both genders but the history confirms that chances of crime against women are high. This is mainly due to spring that women may be exposed to domestic violence at home on regular basis. The domestic violence is a crime and involve s intimate abuse (whether you are married to the other person or not) sensible abuse or assault (for example, slapping, biting, kicking, and threats of bodily violence) damage to property or anything you value economic abuse, that is, when the other person keeps money to which you are legally entit guide, emotional abuse (that is, degrading or humiliating behaviour, including repeated insults, belittling, cursing and threats), and any other controlling or abusive behaviour which poses a threat to your golosh, health or well-being. It was been amazing to observe that Women living with a partner are likely to experience greater fear of violence. The research dooms that even the conclusion drawn by Madrizs (1997) indicated that women victims of domestic violence have to face violence at home and violence on the streets that other women face, which growth their level of fear of crime in the community. Women facing physical violence by males will report fear from crime three-fol d than the women who have not experience physical violence at all. These results support Madrizs (1997) finding that women victims of domestic violence have to face violence at home and violence on the streets that other women face, which would increase their level of fear of crime in the community (Carcach, Mukherjee, 1999).The sex Difference in Fear of CrimeStudies have indicated that though both genders are prone to crime but majority of the studies confirm the gender differential is the most undifferentiated finding in the literature on fear of crime.There is report of fear of crime by women at levels that are three propagation that of men (Chan, 2008). Since last three decades, there has been lot of concern close women safety in the police communication in Australia, England, Canada and Wales. Police and local authorities issued safety advice to women. One of the research studies conducted (Grade 1989) focus on crime prevention indicating women as prime consumers of targe ted advice about personalized safety. However, review of selective information shows that young men are most at risk to personal violence in public. Despite this, women are considered the most important constituency for counsel about riskiness.Literature ReviewThe effects of demographic variables on fear are mixed. There may be number of incidents of events which can piss fear in the minds. One of such thinking is when people walk alone in ones neighborhood at night. Where many demographic variables increase fear while walking in ones neighborhood or being home alone at night (i.e. lower education levels, lower reported personal income, and living in an urban area). Majority of people understand fear of crime centered on findings using respondents views of fear or worry while walking in their neighborhood at night. There is another fear i.e fear of strangers which has been suitably referred to as stranger danger. During childhood, all of us are told to be wary of strangers. Wom en fear the danger posed by strange men even though statistics show that women are more likely to be victimized by individuals they know. It would egress that they are most afraid of the surprise sexual attack by the unknown assailant, despite the fact that statistics and public service media campaigns are making women aware of dangers of dating and marital situations. Number of survey reports discuss about the fear of crime and indicate relatively minor(ip) but statistically significant goings between fear rates expressed by men and women. Majority of women are believed to be fearful of crime and all men fearless (Gilchrist, 1988). Studies are limited to explain why women might lactate anxiety about their personal safety. Skogan and Maxfield (1981) suggest that womens fear of crime is because of their physical and social openness. Womens fear of sexual assault i.e. fear of rape also causes lack of safety amongst the women.Research QuestionsThis research is to assist with the ta rgeting of safety programs and the conclusion of focus for future community groups and activities. This paper will take the problem of which gender within the local community fears crime, whether actual or perceived, and the times that they feel most unsafe. By understanding this, programs can be tell towards these groups and the understanding of safety and their options when confronted with a situation can be addressed. ground on collected statically entropy this paper will directly address the aspects of the genders influence of the fear of crimeDo the different genders fear crime differently?What affect does age have on females fear of crime?Do females feel safer at home during the mean solar twenty-four hours or change surface?Due to the results of the above previous research and general perception within the Westernised Urban Australian culture, it is expected that females will report a higher level of fear of crime. Because of this the second and third questions within this report will focus on the different generations and locations in which females fear crime including presentation the amounts in which it motley.If the results unexpectedly show that males are more fearful of crime, and then the questions regarding the female generations and locations effects of their perceived fear are still warranted and are able to be used to target female related programs.method actingThis analysis utilises info collected by previous research groups over the past few years. This offers the advantage of including the indexing of generations over time allowing a slightly more average and round return compared to a arctic snapshot in time. The survey was conducted across all age groups from change social-economic backgrounds and cultures. Also the location spread of the survey focuses on South east Queensland however r separatelyes into other states and some samples are returned from overseas (Micronesia).Sampling was conducted via a take home survey with instructions included. There was a direct expectation of integrity of answers, which created minimal cross-contamination. Immediately upon completion, surveys were to be returned via either light or in person allowing coalition and further reducing the porta of corrupted samples.Fear of crime will be the dependent variable and will indicate the level of felt across the genders in variable situations. The gender of respondent is the independent variable which is being assessed as to whether it relates to the fear of crime and in addition to gender, age1and time of day will also be independent variables. All these variables will be decided by the survey responses and the dependent variable will be well-tried for statistical independence.Analytic Techniques bringmary of analysis completedThe data is presented in tabular format along with graphs and charts. All descriptive statistics is calculated for each variable on interval or ratio scale. Further, data is analysed using statist ical techniques such as chi-square test, one- way ANOVA followed by gage HOC tests, Z-test for comparing mean etc. Level of significance is fixed at 5%. All p-value less than 0.05 will be treated as significant. relations with missing dataMissing data is almost part of every research. In this study, missing data is limited to a small number of subjects. Hence we opted a list-wise deletion of subjects. Only the subjects with missing data will be eliminated from the study. That is if a subject is missing data on any of the variables used in the analysis, it is completed eliminated.Dealing with outliers, errors etc.Dealing with outliers and errors is very difficult. In this study, we effectuate very less outliers and errors. All subjects with outliers or errors are excluded from the study. Since errors are at random, it makes no much effect on study, if we remove them from the study.Any other problems in completing the analysis (e.g. violations of requirements) onward conducting all parametric tests, all the necessary required conditions are analyze and further analysis is done. For parametric tests, normality assumption is checked. All data is found to be approximated normally distributed. senesce-wise distributionGenderFrequency partMale16245.6Female19354.4 amount355100.0FindingsQuestion one or scheme One Does fear of crime differ by gender? put backgender * Afraid group Cross tabulationAfraid cross off make outAfraid Score less than 4Afraid rate between 4-6Afraid Score above 6genderMale recite836116160% of count23.5%17.3%4.5%45.3%FemaleCount537664193% of meat15.0%21.5%18.1%54.7% heart and soulCount13613780353% of Total38.5%38.8%22.7%100.0%Chi- whole Tests look ondfAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson Chi-Square34.275a2.000Likelihood proportion36.0682.000Linear-by-Linear Association33.6501.000N of Valid Cases353Conclusion Parsons Chi-square is found to be 34.275 with p-value Respondents Perceived Level of Unsafety man at Home During the day and Gendergender * safe day Cross tabulationsafe dayTotalVery UnsafeUnsafeNeither safe nor unsafeSafeVery safeNever home alone during the daygenderMaleCount134351111155% of Total.3%.9%1.2%10%32.3%.3%451%FemaleCount372472830189% of Total.9%2.0%7.0%20%24.1%.0%55%TotalCount410281071941344% of Total1.2%2.9%8.1%31%56.4%.3%100%Chi-Square TestsValuedfAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson Chi-Square31.670a5.000Likelihood Ratio33.6805.000Linear-by-Linear Association24.3271.000N of Valid Cases344ConclusionParsons Chi-square is found to be 31.670 with p-value Question Two or Hypothesis Two atomic number 18 older women more fearful than younger women? Graphage * Fear sort out Cross tabulationFear GroupTotalFear Score less than 3Fear Score between 4 -6Fear Score above 6age shape up Group 18 -24Count12141440% of Total6.3%7.3%7.3%20.8% epoch Group 25-34Count15301358% of Total7.8%15.6%6.8%30.2%Age Group 34-44Count13141138% of Total7.3%5.7%19.8%Age Group 45-54Count891027% of Total4.7%5.2%14.1%Age Group 55-64Count66416% of To tal3.1%6.8%2.1%8.3%Age group 65 and overCount25613% of Total1.0%4.2%3.1%6.8%TotalCount56786192% of Total29.2%40.6%30.2%100.0%Chi-Square TestsValuedfAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson Chi-Square7.544a10.673Likelihood Ratio7.51210.676Linear-by-Linear Association.2841.594N of Valid Cases192Conclusion Parsons Chi-square is found to be 7.544 with p-value 0.05 hence there is no significant tie beam between fear and age group. Hence we can conclude that, age is not associated with fear.Average Score of Female Respondents Fear of Crime and Age e.g. put back or graph, ANOVA Testdescriptive (Fear)N implicateStd. Deviation95% corporate trust Interval for hold still forLower limit pointUpper BoundAge Group 18 -24405.11622.448534.33325.8993Age Group 25-34584.34981.913273.84684.8529Age Group 34-44384.34472.247613.60605.0835Age Group 45-54274.87702.426663.91715.8370Age Group 55-64164.63252.577473.25916.0059Age group 65 and over136.06922.603334.49617.6424Total1924.72262.296714.39575.0495ANOVAfear2S um of Squaresdf signify SquareFSig.Between Groups44.03258.8061.700.137 indoors Groups963.4691865.180Total1007.500191Conclusion there is no significant release in fear business relationship among various age groups. F= 1.70, p 0.05, hence we can conclude that the fear score is almost same among persons of all age groups.Female Respondents current Level of Unsafety date at Home During the Day and Agee.g. mesa or graph, ANOVA Testdescriptive (safe day)NMeanStd. DeviationStd. Error95% Confidence Interval for MeanLower BoundUpper BoundAge Group 18 -24394.3846.84652.135554.11024.6590Age Group 25-34574.2456.66227.087724.06994.4213Age Group 34-44374.00001.20185.197583.59934.4007Age Group 45-54264.3846.75243.147564.08074.6885Age Group 55-64164.06251.06262.265663.49634.6287Age group 65 and over133.69231.03155.286103.06894.3157Total1884.1915.91074.066424.06054.3225ANOVAsafe daySum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups7.45451.4911.838.108Within Groups147.653182.811Total155.106187Concl usion there is no significant going away in safe day score among various age groups. F= 7.454, p 0.05, there is no significant exit between feeling safety during day score and age.Female Respondents Perceived Level of Unsafety While At Home totally After Dark and Agee.g. Table or graph, ANOVA TestNMeanStd. Deviation95% Confidence Interval for MeanLower BoundUpper BoundAge Group 18 -24349.17652.256371.303617.0493Age Group 25-34467.91301.945692.135113.6910Age Group 34-44333.57581.250763.13234.0193Age Group 45-54251.17602.597001.040122.4799Age Group 55-64161.51253.23787-2.128432.3784Age group 65 and over112.6364.924422.01533.2574Total1658.23642.0358615.106911.3658ANOVAsafeniteSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups2166.2725433.2541.047.392Within Groups65807.509159413.884Total67973.782164Conclusion there is no significant loss in safe night score among various age groups. F= 1.047, p 0.05, there is no significant difference between feeling safety during night score and age. Question threesome or Hypothesis ThreeAverage Score of Female Respondents Fear of Crime and Live Alone E.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differencesDescriptive (Fear)NMeanStd. Deviation95% Confidence Interval for MeanLower BoundUpper BoundLive Alone1214.66252.321504.24465.0803Dont live alone176.10002.131315.00427.1958Total1384.83962.340084.44575.2335ANOVAfear2Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups30.802130.8025.823.017Within Groups719.4061365.290Total750.208137Conclusion there is significant difference in fear score women who live alone and dont live alone at home. F= 5.823, p Female Respondents Received Level of Unsafety While at Home Alone During the Day and Lives Alone E.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differences Female Respondents Received Level of Unsafety While a Home Alone After Dark and Lives AloneE.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differencesNMeanStd. Deviation95% Confidence Interval for MeanLower BoundUpper Boundsafe dayLive Alone1194.1176.912963.95194.2834D ont live alone163.68751.078193.11304.2620Total1354.0667.939993.90674.2267safeniteLive Alone1025.500013.197472.90788.0922Dont live alone142.1429.770331.69812.5876Total1165.094812.419462.81077.3789ANOVASum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.safe dayBetween Groups2.61012.6102.997.086Within Groups115.790133.871Total118.400134safeniteBetween Groups138.7431138.743.899.345Within Groups17599.214114154.379Total17737.957115ConclusionThere is no significant difference in fear score of women who live alone and dont live alone at home during day. F= 2.997, p 0.05, there is significant difference between feeling safety during day score and living alone status.There is no significant difference in fear score of women who live alone and dont live alone at home during day. F= 2.997, p 0.05, there is significant difference between feeling safety during day score and living alone status.Discussion/Conclusion stocky of Results how did you answer each question/hypothesis?Each hypothesis is time-tested for r ejection with appropriate test of significance. The level of significance is set at 5%. All p-values greater than 0.05 will be treated as unimportant and the null hypothesis will be accepted.Implications of findings for theoretical explanationsIn this, out of 355 respondents, 162 (45.4%) are males and 193 (55.6%) are females. This study clearly shows that there is significant association between gender and fear of crime (p 0.05). The level of fear is almost equal among all age groups in women. No significant difference was found in the average score of fear between different age groups of women (p-value 0.05). There is no significant difference in safe night score among various age groups in women (p-value 0.05). There is significant difference in fear score among women who live alone and dont live alone at home (p Limitations of the ResearchThere are limitations to this study. foremost the sample size only pertains to only one country and considering all are local population, the data does not give diversity of opinion. Australia is a country where population has settled form wide range of countries and their heathenish differences have not been considered.The survey is conducted only in face and non English speaking women must be unable to report their experiences of victimization. As a result, these indicators lack sufficient data regarding the prevalence of violence against immigrant women as well as some groups of Aboriginal women.Majority of countries are carving out funds for preventing violence against women. The real effect is yet to be seen. hereafter research is required to look into use of these funds and any receipts the funds could generate.Moreover, due to the different sources of data used in this document, comparisons over time and between jurisdictions have been done. Moreover, quantitative data may have serious limitations. They cannot portray the reality of violence in the lives of individual women the fear such violence instills and the trauma it causes. It is the answers of women themselves that is necessary to provide the context and food grain of that reality. Quantitative data always need to be complemented by qualitative data to give an accurate and complete picture of violence against women.The sample sizes do not permit the disaggregation of data on violence against immigrant and refugee women, women of color, women with disabilities, puerile women and girls, older women, women living in poverty, homeless women, women in rural and unconnected communities and bisexual women. In the absence of sufficient data on women in all their diversity, these indicators cannot provide a complete profile of the experiences of all women in Australia or their experiences of violence through their lifecycles.It was also noted that there is a lack of national data on the individual economic cost of violence against women including costs of the loss of financial supports, legal services, housing, mental and physical health etc.The study has not assumed the percentage of people not reporting crime because of loss of their self reputation. In certain areas, such as violence against women, methodological shortcomings and lack of reporting, or under-reporting, led to inaccurate data collection, and such unreliable or mislea

A Health Promotion Initiative for Smoking Cessation

A wellness Promotion Initiative for Smoking CessationM any wellness progress fireeavors had been undertaken everywhere. However, the most burning(prenominal) is that such initiatives should establish certain aspects of characteristics ground on best rehearse in recite to be describe as victoryful. This factor that the initiative must be liveent with health forwarding determine, theories, evidence and understating of the environs (Kahan Goodstadt 2005). Although the definition of health furtherance class period is fullly accepted, it is not fixed to any rigorously defined discipline, and is tell to be practised by individuals in diverse memorial tablets, instruct in a multiplicity of disciplines (B knocked out(p)ilier et al. 2000). Generally speaking, health promotion initiatives emphasizing elements of empowerment, expoundicipation, multidisciplinary collaboration, susceptibility building, equity and sustainable training (Judd et al. 2001). The Ottawa Ch arter is considered to be the lynchpin of any health promotion approach pattern and it is acting as the bicycle that guides all health professionals into an ideal and best practice of health promotion related slews. In addition, the best practice is provided through raiseive supply and military rank. A practice guide to help in successfully achieving the object is by an approach decocting on the following points identifying the issue, take ining support and forming a working sepa tramp, conducting a wants legal opinion and get to knowing your corporation, maturation an follow up plan, encouraging involution, communicating with the public through the media, implementing alternate, observe, military rating and adjustments (NLHHP 2003).In this assay, I go away critically review a health promotion initiative by comparing the characteristics of this initiative a obtainst the principles of best practice.The initiative drill (Attention the abstract is attached at th e end of the assignment).Secker-Walker, Roger H Flynn, Brian S. Solomon, Laura J. Skelly, Joan M. Dorwaldt, Anne L. Ashikaga, Takamaru (2000) Helping Women foreswear Smoking Results of a Community Intervention Program, American Public wellness Association, Inc. Volume 90(6), June 2000, pp 940-946.Smoking lends to health promotion solutionSmoking is a challenging health problem world-wide and it is considered to be the second major sweat of death. It is currently responsible for the death of one in ten adults (WHO 2005). It is fresh that roll of tobacco expiration is a priority for preventing many diseases and reducing their burden. thither is a real need to expand the implementation of strategies to degrade tobacco use such as increasing the cost of cig arttes and implementing house-to-house tobacco-useprevention and cessation chopines. (CDC 2003). Consequently, promoting heater cessation can have a great electric shock in reducing the burden of diseases and improving the population health (Ezzati Lopez 2003). However, the health promotion is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life styles to well being (WHO 2005). As a result, a lot of efforts at various levels are needed in assemble to control take in. This could be achieved well only through victorian health promotion intercession. more thanover, the health promotion is defined as a sort out of activities ruleed to achieve optimal health for all by monitoring and enhancing the heath of everyone and facilitating individual control over the determinants of health (Kahan Goodstadt 2005). The definition itself sounds a logical solution for the high dope prevalence among women. This is because of that in order to solve such problem, the women themselves should be actively involved and the residential district should be empowered. In addition, the physical and genial supportive environment should be ensured in order to maintain smoking cessation. This is only ensured through a health promotion initiative.The best way to reduce the prevalence of smoking may be to use familiarity-wide programs because smoking mien is determined by kind context. A federation approach ordain remain an important part of health promotion activities (Secker-Walker et al. 2002). It has been proved that health promotion initiative will encourage smoking cessation and could prevent substantial numbers of deaths in the UK (Lewis et al. 2005).Needs surveyment and its accountability for population wishesIt is crucial, first of all, to identify the issue through the need mind. This is done by collecting the necessary cultivation that specifies the needs that are considered as priority by the community. This provides an opportunity for the community to become involved in the grooming from the beginning (Territory Health service 2005). The health needs are defined as those states, conditions or factors in the community that, if absent, will preven t passel from achieving complete physical, mental and mixer health (Ritchie et al. 2004). In this digest, the need assessment is not well conducted and the different needs were not well assessed. It is not mentioned in this condition whether the community profile was analyzed or not. However, the job investigators sat with local state, conducted interviews with advert informants and shared nurture with them. Nevertheless, the following needs could be figured outThe decline in smoking prevalence among United States women was lagging place that of men. This necessities the need of research on strategies to accomplish smoking cessation among women. in that location is real womens needs for social support while quitting In addition, their need for assistance with coping with negative affect in the absence of smoking, and their concerns active pitch gain following quitting.Cigarette smoking is a endangerment factor for cardiovascular diseases. The smoking is a major health pr oblem that can cause death. Many community based programs have been conducted to reduce cardiovascular risk factors, including cigarette smoking. Some of these programs showed the disturbance inwardnesss on smoking behavior are effective.After analyzing this expression, it is axiomatic that the need assessment indicates that smoking reduction among women is a priority public health in United States. This is a normative need. The best practice of health promotion emphasizing the sharing of need assessment with local people in order to improve the chance of success of any intervention. In this way, the success is ensured because sharing the results of the needs assessment will raise community ken about the issues and possible vestigial causes, stimulate discussion about ship canal to hail the issues and get the community more involved in intend and decision-making (Territory Health Services 2005). on that point is forgive information in the article that the community members were involved in the planning and implementation of the intervention passim the five years period. On the some other hand, it is not mentioned clearly how they assess the felt needs (i.e. whether the community groups say what they want, or address the problems that they believe are important (Territory Health Services 2005)). Nevertheless, the participatory community organization was used to plan and provide widespread support to women smokers as they act to flip-flop their smoking behavior. The comparative and expressed needs were not assessed.Goals and documentals of the initiativeIt is crucial after the needs assessment is over, to set up purloin remainders and objectives. The first timbre in critical analytic thinking of goal and objectives is whether these had been utter clearly. The goal of this intervention was to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among women patriarchal 18 to 64 years old in Vermont and New Hampshire. This goal is specific, measurable , achievable and includes the nature of change anticipate. It will be more comprehensive if it was mentioned that it was limited to five years, which is the duration of the picture and to specify the amount of smoking prevalence reduction in order to know exactly what intervention success means. However, this goal does identify the broad large term changed that was expected to be achieved ultimately (Hawe et al. 1990).The objective is not mentioned in this article. Instead they mentioned the sub-objectives. However, by analyzing the article I feel the objective should closely serve the goal. This means that achieving reduction in the smoking prevalence through a arbitrary change in the women smoking behavior. As a result, the objective should be stated as to increase the number of salutary quit attempts among women vulcanised 18 to 64 years old in Vermont and New Hampshire by 20% for role model. So the objectives will be excessively specific, measurable, achievable, includes the nature of change expected and time limited (SACHRU 2005).The sub-objectives were clearly mentioned. These were to increase motivation and aspiration to quit smoking and confidence in staying quit disdain weight gain and negative affect, to increase awareness of cessation activities and to strengthen sensed norms and available support to help women quit smoking. It is kn avow that a sub-objective should get hold before the objective in the pathway and it might create a change in favour of the objective (Hawe et al. 1990). Keeping this in mind, thither is a clear explanation task of these sub-objectives and they closely serve the objective by taking in account how to overcome womens negative flavor affect and thus create a change in the behavior. On the contrary, they were not time limited and some of them seems be difficult to be measured like increase confidence in staying quit despite weight gain and negative affect and also perceptions of norms.It is essential for any g ood health promotion planning to focus on underlie causes and factors that could possibly contribute or lead to the problem (Kahan Goodstadt 2005). Therefore, development of clear and organized goal and objectives based on a critical analysis of the problem in terms of contributing and risk factors is essential (Territory Health Services 2005). It is not mentioned clearly in this article about the primal causes of or contributing factors to smoking among women. However, specific health related behavioral and environmental factors linked to smoking were mentioned. It was stated that the smoking was most customary among lower income class. This implicates that poverty play an important role as an underlying cause of smoking. It sound logic that one of the sub-objectives should be stated clearly to take oversee of improving socio-economic situation or more accurately to tackle poverty related issues. It is also mentioned that the womens concerns about weight gain following quitti ng act as a barrier to stop smoking. Luckily, More than one sub-objective took care of this factor.Description of the interventionA good description of the intervention is provided in the article under specific headings. It was directed to two pairs of demographically matched counties in Vermont and New Hampshire in United States which were assessed preintervention and postintervention during the period 1989 to 1994. The project was initiated by organizing community planning groups and the program was called Breath favourable. Each countys planning group formed a coalition, and each coalition formed 5 working groups. The planning deal was taken up by the local planning group along with its coalition with very little input from the investigators nevertheless for the first year. Different activities were conducted during each year after the starting of the program. In the first year, the focus was to develop support systems to help women quit smoking through individual proactive t elephone peer support. During the second year, tape showing the process of quitting smoking was produced and distributed at no cost. In the trio year, free smoking cessation classes were organized with a focus on dealing with negative affect. Later, the health professionals were involved in the Breath Easy program. Also, workplaces initiatives include presentations to businesses and worksites and assistance with smoking policies were started. Moreover, there was involvement of media initiatives included newspaper publisher and radio (Secker-Walker et al. 2000).The conceptual frame work and underlying theories and valuesThe conceptual framework and underlying theories are not described in enlarge in this article. It is only mentioned that they used social cognitive theory, the transtheoretical model of behavior change, diffusion of innovation theory, and communications theory. It was stated in the article that the project intervention was based on the proven force of this type of community intervention in promoting smoking cessation among women in Smoke put out North Side study. However, as I am reading the article it becomes clearer to me how well these theories could be fit into a community based health promotion project.The five basic stages of a behavior change as identified by the transtheoretical model of behavior change are pre-contemplation, contemplation, finis or preparation, action and maintenance (Nutbeam Harris 2004). These stages could be applied to explain the change of smoking behavior among women especially ensuring maintenance through peer support. fit in to the social cognitive theory an individual, the environment and behavior are ceaselessly interacting and influence each other (Nutbeam Harris 2004). This is clearly noticed in the modifications of community norms concerning women smoking. The people decision to smoke is made within a broad context and influence by the surrounding environment which shapes the health behaviors such a s smoking. In addition, diffusion of innovations refers to the spread of new ideas, techniques, behaviors or products throughout a population (Ferrence 1996) and this is exactly what had happened in this project where the message of smoking cessation was spread through mass media, videos and classes. Lastly, the communications theory is also applicable to this project.The values are important things because they affect which issues we choose to address and how we are going to address them (Kahan Goodstadt 2005). The values of community intervention and development were not mentioned in this article. After literature review, it became obvious that some of these values are respect, equity, participation and meaningful process (http//www.wrha.mb.ca/howcare/commdev/). The process of community participation allows removal of inequality barrier and ensures fair distribution of resources. Moreover, respecting of local people and their involvement in determining their own health problems r esulted in a positive outcome of this project.Application of Ottawa Charter action areasThere are many social factors that affect the diseases risk factors such as smoking and thus affecting the health. This includes low levels of social support and insufficiency of personal control. These issues were well addressed in this initiative through the proper applications of Ottawa need action areas. It is well stated that the achievement of the project objectives is through community members participation in planning and implementation. The community action is strengthened by involving local people to participate actively in order to improve their own health. The community organization is set up by forming local planning groups and from each group, the annual plans are worn-out up.The supportive environment is provided through the supportive telephone communications networks which were set to encourage women to stop smoking. In addition, a healthy and supportive environment was ensur ed in workplaces, community college and high schools. Moreover, the organization of free smoking classes that focus on dealing with negative affect following quitting played an important role to maintain the quitting process.Healthy public policies were built in the community. An example is that smoking cessation policies were introduced into the workplaces. Another example was the active involvement of media which included newsprint and radio and made use of paid advertisements and thus information for quitting were available in each community. The personal skills of targeted young-bearing(prenominal)s were developed. This was by training the female ex-smokers to provide support to current smokers to quit smoking through proactive telephone support. In addition, they were involved in the production of videos showing their own process of quitting smoking.Re-orientation of health services took place to some extent. This was by mobilizing the health workers towards focusing on smokin g cessation activities rather than providing the medical care only. This was through making referrals to the telephone peer support system and they were trained in a brief smoking cessation protocol. It is quit obvious that by analyzing the interventions of the project, the Ottawa charter definition of health promotion is clear. This is because the project interventions could be understood as a process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health (WHO 2005).EvaluationThe paygrade process plays an essential role in ensuring the best achievement of any given program as it will affect the way in which the program will be conducted and the amount of effort needed (Ewles Simnett 1999). For the evaluation to be accepted, it should consist of process, impact and outcome evaluation. It is important to have the three parts other than it will be difficult to understand how the evaluation took place (Springett et al. 1995). The evaluation starts by evaluating the process including measuring the strategies, the activities and the quality of the project. Then, measuring the immediate effect of the project and this is called impact evaluation. At the end, it should measure the outcome or long term effect (Territory Health Services 2005).The evaluation was well be after and was well in place for this project. They used PRECEDE frame work to integrate the overall objectives of the program with the evaluation plan. This model takes into account multiplex factors that determine health and quality of life and generates specific objectives and criteria for evaluation (Green Kreuter 1999). The design of the study was non-randomized with two pairs of demographically matched countries assessed peintervention and postintervension. This established a relationship between the intervention and observed outcome by comparing the situation before and after the intervention. In addition, they have set specific measurable objectives for each working group to be accomplished or initiated during the following 12 months.The stages of evaluation were done as followsProcess evaluationSpecific factors were set to measure predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors. These includes attitudes and beliefs towards quitting smoking, perceptions of norms and social supports, availability of smoking cessation materials and services, program knowledge and media coverage. Suitable indicators were used to measure the above factors such as social support scale, measures of confidence in being able to stop smoking and confidence in being able to control weight gain after quitting smoking and measures for availability of smoking cessation resources.Impact evaluationThe impact was evaluated through a change in the smokers behavior. The indicators which were used are average daily cigarette consumption and average number of serious quit attempts.Outcome evaluationThis was evaluated by measuring the smoking prevalence among women aged 18 to 46 years old . It was found that the prevalence had declined significantly. This indicates the effectiveness of this project through achieving its main goal.Summative evaluationIt is the last step to be done and it involves considering the project as a whole, from beginning to end (SACHRU 2005). The investigators did not evaluate all different aspects of the project. However, they mentioned about strengths, limitations, response rate and their recommendations. The strengths of the study were small size and rural nature of these communities. On the other hand, the major limitations were nonrandomized design, the inclusion of only two counties in each condition, drop of prior measures of smoking prevalence in these counties and lack of ethnic vicissitude in the study population which limit the generalizability of the results. The overall sample size was 6436 with response rates of 89.9%. Their recommendations were that any future community interventions designed to effect reductions in smoking s hould place greater emphasis on the supplying of a broad range of support for quitting smoking that is readily accessible to all smokers (Secker-Walker et al. 2000).ConclusionAdoption of health promotion best practice is the only way to ensure effective and successful results of any intervention. However, this practice is not an easy mission. It requires a lot of augmentive efforts. The application of Ottawa charter and the reliance on justifying theories and values is essential. Moreover, the quality of the initiative is based on effective planning and evaluation from the initial stages. The community involvement in promoting smoking cessation was ensured in this project from the initial stages. Also, the evaluation process was proceeding well with PRECEDE framework. In conclusion, this initiative was about to be an excellent example of best practice except improper disputation of objective, values behind the intervention and insufficient statement of needs assessment

The View of Personal Responsibility for Health

The View of Personal Responsibility for wellnessINTRODUCTIONThe connection amongst freedom and responsibility progressed as a topic on wellness c are issues for idiosyncratics, families, edict and environment. It also includes the factors ab emerge the functions of wellness trade workers and other contributors that affect wellness, similar issues on how to implement goernment programs, wherein in other settings at that place is pretermit of wear from the community fractions. And the question lies on who is to be blamed when health problems arises. People should remain liable for their consume choices, and there are set factors which are outside the human control where in mountain buzz off sick caused by environmental predicament. And the outcome of these problems at times they allot on the faults to nine. Despite of the impressive disagreement, there are assertive render wherefore this health responsibility has been lowered to the framework of family and society , within the scene of political as societal affairs that functions as one of the bring home the baconrs of healthcare in both(prenominal) setting. The article Responsibility for health Personal, Social and environmental gave me a question about who are really trustworthy for our own health?I contemplate all the factors involved, and in my own proposition, we are responsible for our own actions and health consequences. Justifying the case of those people who are physically challenged or mentally incapacitated. On their case support from the community, aside from the family is needed, that is why the government has a fund and program for that sector or member of the community, it is part of the government to provide the necessary steps for them to be acantha on the right track of ruddy living, which cannot be given by themselves, and the healthcare workers will be on their side to perform the health plans for them. But for those who are able and have a clear nous on what is go ing on, then the decision to have a give way health lies on their own hand. It is our own choice for whatever we ask in our lives, we are accountable for our own health, we have the agency to ferment whatever judgement we accept as our choice for personal health and impregnablety, and we do recognized the boundaries wherein our body will be at hazard or can still tolerate the elements or substances that, are organism advised to consume minimally or avoid completely.And for me the social side, there responsibility is only for us to be warned about the good or bad effects of any substance available, and to provide support in times health concern arises. Its main responsibility for health is to arouse and implement programs that can provide optimum health to individuals. Being funded by the government both nationally and locally, its focus mainly to avoid and snuff out potential health risk, and detection of any doable occurrence of any health issues that will affect the indiv iduals and community as a whole. health funds derived from taxes were used by health government organization. The benefits include in the usual health are the free hospitalization within 24 hours emergency and clinic interventions, laboratory test, dental and immunization, and also subsidy for prescribed medicines. The government also provide assurance that health practitioners are registered with them and fully competent in the practice of their profession.Environment can only be responsible when both personal and social fails to perform the responsibilities they should be doing, such as pollution. Hazardous waste materials mustinessiness be disposed victorianly and possible health effect or consequences should be eliminated. All programs for the maintenance of low-cal environment must be strictly implemented and the rule for a clean surroundings must be enjoyable exercised by the people involved. An environmental health issue can only be undergo due to lack of function and concern to health programs, of both individuals and the society itself.Our greatest hope for minimising the burden of pr all the sametable disease and death slightly the world is through Health behaviour change. Tobacco smoking, less lively lifestyle, not hearty diet, and alcohol exercise together account for some one million deaths each year in the United States alone, for caseful. The earthly concern Health Organisation has cautioned that the global scattered of the tobacco widespread could look at one billion lives by the end of this millennium. The rising frequency of childishness corpulence could place the New Zealand at risk of rearing the rst propagation of youngsters to live sickly and die very young than their parents, and the widespread habitual of fatness among youngsters and mature individuals threatens surprising worldwide health and economic charges.The ahead(p) behavioural risks factors are non-compliance to prescribed medical examinations and preclusion and illness prudence activity, unsafe sex, drug exercise, family and gun foul play, worksite and motor vehicular accidents) govern unequal charges in low-paid jobs and less privileged racial and ethnic populace, as well as in scarce-resource societies all over the globe. Taking these behavioural dangers and distinctions, and the behaviours associated to universal health risks, such as influenza virus outbreak, pissing scarceness, more harmful ultra violet exposure, and the obligation to guard the health of mother earth itself, will be crucial to global health in this century.There are clinically proven studies for most study behavioural health threats, natural enclosure tobacco smoking, not healthy diet, screwball lifestyle, too much drinking, and diabetes care guidance. There are similar look for study instructions for the health care system switches and procedures needed to make sure their efficiency. New society application procedures propose another look into study reco mmendations for a wide regalia of populace-level, education-, workplace-, and society-based agenda and non-private procedures to develop biff rates and bodily activity requirements for youngsters and mature ones, enhance diabetes self-care guidance, minimise mordacious sun vulnerability, stop second-hand smoke inhalation, eradicate youth tobacco consumption and help mature smokers to quit, minimise workplace and motor vehicular accidents, and wise drunk driving and family and gun foul play.The restricted power of plane our most effective distinct health behaviour precautions, based on studies emphasizing intrapersonal and interpersonal factors of health behaviours, clearly resulted to an exclusive reliance on distinctly oriented precautions would not be enough to reach our minute populace health and health care objectives. These deficiencies led to a underlying paradigm shift in our comprehension of what the goals of efficient precautions wanted to be, not just everyone but t he full contexts in which they work and live. This movement catalysed the emergence of environmental models of health development that have guided the improvement of prestigious precautions in non-private health and health care facilities. Similar movements in the models and schemes of public health and clinical health advancement opened the way for even wider populace models that link health goals and public health groups, societies, clinical and health care professionals. The Chronic Care Model proclaimed by the comprise of Medicine and the related structure raised by the World Health Organization as examples. And these structures stimulated works to polish and pertain paradigmatic and principles to interpret efficient clinical and public health programs into application and procedures, enclosing the scattering of innovations model, society and association change principles, and socio-marketing and communications principles. Mega parallel increases in what we have educated abou t the patterns, procedures and limitations of non-private health improvement and health care quality development from the past three decades describe the basic assertion of this and prior versions of Health Behaviour and Education that an exchange varies mingled with proposition, investigation, and application is crucial to efficient health literacy and advancement.The major principles and examples of health literacy at umteen levels are personage, interpersonal, peer groups, society, non-private policy and in a wide array of settings and populace. Analysis is one of the new exertions to comprehend quickly about what generates by estimating grassroots labours in schools and societies over the nation and the planet to carry out agenda, policies, and ecological shifts to restrain the increase in children obesity as an example as a whole.CONCLUSIONIn general, to balance the responsibility between the society and the family, both must recognize its functions to health programs. The society must provide the necessary things for the implementation of care, this involves the healthcare benefits that are subject to be distributed to each member of the society, like medical check-up, free medicine, clean sustenance and drinking water, sanitary project to eliminate pollution, immediate response in any infectious cases, and maintain the ability to identify potential problems. And for the family, the society needs the whole support from each member the family must accede in all health programs and be open to discuss any health issues. Individual in the family must observe health practice, it includes healthy diet and avoidance of any substances that considered as health risk, and all kinds of vices that affects healthy living. And on the other side of family healthcare protection, it is important that they should acquire health insurances for them to be assisted in finances regarding health concerns. Insurances provide financial support and it elevates the burden f rom expenses in health problems. For environment issues, proper sanitization and garbage disposal must be observed to avoid environmental difficulties. The effectiveness of any government health agenda rest on the assistance of each individual, and family member of the community covered by the program. A clean environment will produce a healthy individual and a happy family, this will stand as the symbol of safe and wholesome society. In addition, to balance all these factors, the government must provide training and proper education regarding health practice, support its workers through proper funding, remuneration and provision of entitled benefits. Individuals and businesses that contribute support for health standards must be supported. In return to this, compliance to taxation program should be followed, individual members of the family and the society as a whole must support government regulation regarding its health programs.REFERENCESBrownell, K. D. (1991). Personal responsi bility and control over our bodies when expectation exceeds reality.Health Psychology,10(5), 303.Minkler, M. (1999). Personal responsibility for health? A review of the arguments and the turn up at centurys end.Health Education Behavior,26(1), 121-141.Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., Fisher, E. B. (2008). Ecological models of health behavior.Health behavior and health education Theory, research, and practice,4, 465-485.

The Islamic Golden Age Of Baghdad

The Islamic favor sufficient succession Of capital of IraqThe Islamic refinement has been a victorious civilization dating back towards the 7th coulomb Islam was jump originated in the Arabian Peninsula at the time. Just like any some other religion and/or empire there was a princelyen date which had formed in year 800-1200, throughout history Islam has encountered downfalls and achievements, however throughout the ups and downs it has been 1 of the close well-known empires in history. The reason why the flamboyant climb on was a key element in the Islamic finish was because it was the period in which mathematicians, scientists, agriculture, politics, and philosophy began to originate. During which time the Abbasid Empire was centered in capital of Iraq which had promoted policy- qualification stability, economic growth, and cultural awareness. The Abbasids were explodeicularly Arabs however the Abbasid political science was Persian and had some(prenominal) Persians involved with the army and administration. Baghdad became one of the most economically stable cities in the humans during the Islamic Golden Age by expanding and introducing new levels and diverging peck of various heathenities much(prenominal) as the Chinese, Indian, and Africans.Baghdad deriving from the Persian word God Given 1 was a small Persian village located in the center of attention East, close to the capital Ctesiphon during the Golden Age of Islam, the urban center was a take off of the Persian Empire. Baghdad was known as the center of the carry on pains, and had many a(prenominal) connections across the world especially Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean region. People from those regions would come to Baghdad to visit and put on more knowledge from the phratry of acquaintance and to trade crops 2. In the year 762 a man by the name of Abbasid calif al-Mansur began to construct the capital of Baghdad 3. Mansurs architects built the city as a round circle a nd in the center stood the main mosque of the city to idolise Prophet Muhammad the city had three walls around each wall had a several(predicate) structure one of the walls had the army headquarters for protection4. Eventually, the city had unquestionable onward toward the eastern bank of Tigris unfortunately about 4 centuries posterior as Baghdad began to expand the Mongols came into the city in the year 1258 which watch a decline in the Abbasid Empire.5In the 9th century one of the biggest establishments had been created in Baghdad known as the Bayt al- Hikma (The House of recognition), it was educationally influential toward Baghdad and Islam as a whole it was promoting literary and scientific methods. Scholars from around the world whether being Moslem or any sort of religion would run into the knowledge not only of the world but the universe, the House of Wisdom was founded to have a research library for all subjects such as linguistics, science, math, and uranology.6 Plenty of the research which was done at the House of Wisdom had been translated from different languages like Farsi, Latin, Turkish, which had translated to Arabic. This was known as the translation movement many mathematics, medicine, and astronomy which had been researched by Pahlavi from Persia were translated into Arabic.7 Plato, Aristotle, and Galen very well-known philosophers there works were sent in to the House of Wisdom for translation to the Arabic language.8 Many different people from around the world at that time would travel to the house to gain knowledge and bring the knowledge back to their home country which consisted of Mesopotamia, China, Egypt, and Grecian civilizations. The medical works which had been done in the medical school of Jundishapur of Sasamids had been transferred into the House of Wisdom in the 9th century paper was introduced to the city of Baghdad.9The Golden Age during the rise of the Islamic civilization had a major(ip) transformation in agric ulture, which had an environmental impact at the time. Muslim traders changed the trade industry by the dispersion of harvesting the crops and distributing these crops to various parts of the Middle East, which had led to the major transformation of economy, population, and circulation. Worldwide crops were grown and delivered to the Middle East from numerous countries such as China would deliver citrus fruits to the Islamic lands and new intellectual nourishment crops were created in India like date palms, spinach, bananas, eggplant, rice, and lemons.10 These would be delivered to Iraq, at that time ascribable to the climate and location of the Middle East which would not be able to produce these crops. One of the major discoveries was sugar production which turned into one of the biggest industries of the Golden Age, sugar plantations and refineries began to be established in the 8th century and distributed worldwide.11 Gold Abbasid Coins were used as money known as Gold Dinars on the coins it says In the name of God, there is no deiry except deity alone. 12In the 8th century the expansion of trade and industry began where long distance caravan trade routes would be developed and expanded. guile with India was very popular in the Golden Age because they developed many crops such as bananas, date palms, and rice. The trade would be delivered through the Persian Gulf to Iraq this is when the conception of an international market started to begin with southeast Asia, Spain, India, and the Mediterranean lands. Iraq was the center of trade worldwide, and a prosperous population of about 500,000 people13 the influences which took part were peace, resources, wealth, and efficient laws.Moving towards a political standpoint in the halcyon age of the Islamic empire, the city of Baghdad was ruled by Abbasids from 750-1258 and the Abbasids were culturally Arab.14 However, the Grand Vizier and Vizier which means the Prime Minister and Minister was culturally Persian 15. The Abbasids were Muslim both Shiite and Sunni they provided economic growth and helped Baghdad to be a persevered city and known worldwide for their agriculture, people, culture, and intelligence. They provided cultural richness and political stability to match the population of approx. 500,000 remained prosperous. The administrative policy in Baghdad were involving local governors appointing Caliphs overly known as Muslim rulers who were people to be believed a epideictical Allah on earth.15Toward the conclusion of the Islamic Civilization during the Golden age, there were muddle of reasons why Baghdad as a city filled with so much potential is able to make them known worldwide for their agriculture, culture, political stability, and intelligence. For every choice which was made in Iraq was a step provided toward an empire filled with wealth, happiness, and economically stable. The Abbasids and Persians built an impressive House of Wisdom for the world to admire I can con clude that the Islamic civilization was one if not most successful civilization by making people from around the world visit Baghdad and diversify in peace.EndnotesMirzai, Behnaz. various ethnic groups contributed to the creation of the Abbasid Golden Age. Lecture, Empires and Revelutions from Brock University, St. Catharines, October 31, 2012.Mirzai. Various ethnic groups contributed to the creation of the Abbasid Golden Age.Mirzai. Various ethnic groups contributed to the creation of the Abbasid Golden Age.Mirzai. Various ethnic groups contributed to the creation of the Abbasid Golden Age.Goodwin, Jason. The Glory That Was Baghdad. The Wilson Quarterly (1976) 27, no. 2 (2003) 24-28.Mirzai. Various ethnic groups contributed to the creation of the Abbasid Golden Age.Bennison, Amira K.. The great caliphs the favorable age of the Abbasid Empire. innovative Haven Yale University Press, 2009.Goodwin, Jason. The Glory That Was Baghdad.Goodwin, Jason. The Glory That Was Baghdad.Mirzai. Various ethnic groups contributed to the creation of the Abbasid Golden Age.Goodwin, Jason. The Glory That Was Baghdad.Mirzai. Various ethnic groups contributed to the creation of the Abbasid Golden Age.Lapidus, Ira M. The golden age The political concepts of Islam. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and accessible Science (1992) 13-25.Lapidus, Ira M. The golden age The political concepts of Islam.

The Integumentary Organ System Biology Essay

The Integumentary Organ System Biology bear witnessThe integumentary st markegy is the pipe organ transcription that is made up of the shin, which dismiss be hair, feather, nails, and scales. The integumentary air is vital to an organism beca uptake it acts as a shield and protects the organism from the asideside environment like the weather, infectious organisms and acts as an touch and pain receptor. The integumentary arrangement consists of three spirit aims the shield, dermis, and hypodermis.The integumentary dodging is diametric for the four dissection animals. The fishing louse has a dampish, lubricated organic structure to attend it burrow through the earth. The crawdaddy has a hard exoskeleton, which really truly different integumentary system than the some other organisms, to protect itself from sharp objects and other predators. The grass frog has skin, which is rainproof to avoid peeing loss and dehyd spyion. eventuallyly, the uncloudedn frequent has a short length of fur on the epidermis to aid it in handleing homeostasis by regulating temperature.The prefers of these varieties in the organisms depend on the environment they live in. For example, the grass frog has a moist irrigateproof layer of skin because it lives in a wet habitat such(prenominal) as a pond or lake. This allows it to move in the water and come up on dry write stamp out if needed. The skin allows decorous water to osmose into and hydrate the dust but economizes excess water out. whatsoever disadvantages of moist skins argon that organisms pass on need to stay near sources of water or else they go forth recrudesce dehydrated and die. The ass-kisser who lives underground relies on its moist skin to be able to move through the soil. It likewise has the ability to create lubricating liquid which helps it move. An advantage it has is because its segmented, it is very flexible. However, the disadvantage is its size. Because the squirmer is so small and has little to no protection because of its thin layer of skin, it layabout easily be crushed by other animals. The crayfish relies on its hard exoskeleton shell for protection. It has tiny little hairs on its legs that can sense movements in the water. The disadvantage of the crayfish is that once the shell is g i, it will be exposed to danger and easily killed. The rat with its fur on top of a thin layer of skin can keep w offset. It has whiskers on its snout and nails on its feet and the tail has rough primed(p) skin. A disadvantage could be wet fur can rase its body temperature. Also, with mouse traps like sticky ones, it can trap the rat because of its fur.As evolution made changes, it leased new devises of integumentary systems. The offshoot forms of animals which were fish were cold- aired and up to the reptiles, they all had either scales or moist skin. As the earliest animals, they lived in the water and their scales confined them to the water. The amphibians lived or soly on water but were able to come up to dry land but not for long. The first class of animals that were warm- smeared are birds. They needed a way to keep a temperature that is at their homeostatic level so they have feathers. This helped them keep warm and also allowed them to fly. In mammals, which are also warm- businessed, have fur or hair. This allows them to keep warm and maintain homeostasis. The disadvantages of haired animals are if there is a sudden change in weather like a heat wave, because thickly furred animals will die from the heat.The integumentary system is a vital objet dart of an organism which has its advantages and disadvantages depending on its environment.Muscle and Skeletal SystemThe in force(p)lyity system is the organ system which allows an organism to move. In vertebrates, the muscular tissue system is controlled by the nervous system. There are three types of muscles which are penurious, cardiac, and heart muscles. The muscle system i s very important to an organism because it endures strength, posture, and the ability to move for an organism.The skeletal system is the reason why an animal has its form and kind. It also acts as a protective cage for all the important and vital variety meat in the body. Also, it allows organisms to move the way they do. There are three different kinds of skeletons. The first one is an endoskeleton. An animal with an endoskeleton has a skeleton inside its body like a human creation. The second is an exoskeleton, which occurs in animals like crabs. Last is a hydro skeleton, where there isnt really a skeleton but is a fluid-filled cavity.In our dissection animals, we can put one over that there are many differences in the animals muscle and skeletal system. The worm has a hydro skeleton body and it relies on its muscles to be able to move around by using muscular contraction. The worm has an advantage because it has a hydro skeleton which allows it to be very flexible. organic evolution probably compete a role in giving the earthworm an amazing ability. It has the power to regenerate lost segments in its body. It has great anabolic capabilities in its muscles, and in any case that it loses a couple of segments, past it can just regenerate it back. This can make up for its shoddy skeleton. Its disadvantages are it can easily be crushed because of its weak skeleton. In the crayfish, it has a exoskeleton which gives it good protection. Evolution played a role in making them have hard exoskeletons to save in competitive waters. Also, because it has an exoskeleton it is an advantage and disadvantage. With its exoskeleton it has better protection but when it molts, it will be at its close to vulnerable to predators and danger. The crayfish is divided into two segments which are the abdomen and cephalothorax. It relies on its muscles in its eight legs utilise for moving around and a tally of backbreaking pincers for acquiring solid food, attacking and de fending itself. Also, it has a tail which is used to propel itself forward. The frog has a endoskeleton. It has long hind legs that allow to them to leap, jump, and float away from danger. I intend that evolution has made frogs have tight powerful legs. Its long femur and powerful femur and tibias play a role in their survival. Last but not least, there is the rat which has a endoskeleton. The rat is similar to the frog but has smaller arm and leg bones and muscles. The rat relies on strong incisors and muscles for gnawing. Evolution played a role in rats because they moldiness adapt to their food source. Therefore, they must have incisors which are accustomed to their food source.One last amour is the differences between invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates are animals which have no back bone and vertebrates do. The worm and crayfish are invertebrates while the frog and rat are vertebrates.The muscle and skeletal system are important to organisms because they give them their form and shape and the ability to move. Also those two systems help them survive in their environments.digestive SystemIn all animals, the digestive system is an important system that breaks eaten food down into small enough pieces in order to dawn into the cell and make throne as a way to get rid of the waste from digestion. This system is made up of the mouthpiece, gullet, stomach, and the small and heavy(a) intestine, rectum, and lastly the anus.Starting at the mouth when you smell the good food, your mouth will release an enzyme called salivary amylase that will lubricate the food so it will be able to go down the esophagus. After manducate and the food is drenched in the amylase, it will go down the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube like structure leading from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach is the organ that stores food, contains catabolic enzymes and produces acid to break down the food, and is responsible for killing microbes in the food we eat. When it leaves the stomach, the food would be in a liquid form and be able to enter the small intestine. There, the small intestine will finish the digestion process started by the stomach and further break the food down by the catabolic enzymes. Once the food is broken down into either disaccharides, fats, nucleic acids, or any smaller form, it will be cloaked and enter the blood stream straight into the cells to be used as energy. In the large intestine, any unabsorbed food, waste material, will be make into feces. Also, it will reabsorb water and help create new good bacteria. Lastly, the feces will exit the body by the rectum, and so out the anus into the environment.In the earthworm, we see a difference in the digestive system. It has a mouth, esophagus, but a crop and gastric mill. The crop is where the swallowed food are stored. The gizzard is where all the food are broken down. Because the earthworm has no teeth, it uses rocks that were swallowed and its strong muscles to break down the food. It goes through the rest of the digestive process and the feces exit through the anus. For the crayfish, it uses its mandible and maxillas to take food in. It goes through the esophagus and into the stomach. The crayfish stomach is specialized to grind food up to be digested. It goes through the intestines, rectum, and lastly, out through the anus. In the frog, its long tongue snatches course into its mouth, however it has weak maxillary teeth. It has the same digestive organs. The rat, has the same digestive organs as the frog. However, the liver is the largest organ in the rat.I believe for the rat, evolution made the rats liver larger because as rats became situated in the industrial and urbanized environment, it had to adapt to the new food sources, like nut case and dirty food. Therefore, the liver became important in order for the rat to safely eat the food and not get intoxicated or sick.The digestive system is important to organisms because without them, the re would be no way for them to survive as they wont be able to provide nutrients and energy to their cells.respiratory SystemThe respiratory system is the system in animals which is responsible for rescue in fresh oxygen to the lungs and to let out out carbon dioxide. This system is made up of the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm. In fishes they contain gills, and in some organisms, they do not have any respiratory organs and use the skin to take in oxygen.When animals breath in, oxygen would go into the nose indeed mouth. The air travels down the trachea and then into either the odd or right bronchi then into the bronchiole tubes, which then leads into the lungs. The oxygen would then fill up tiny sacs called alveoli. As blood flows through the capillaries, oxygen will then diffuse into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli and travel out the respiratory system.In our dissection animals, we see a variety of differences. In the earthworm, it does not possess any form of respiratory organs. It only takes in oxygen through the skin and in return expels carbon dioxide with the same method. In the crayfish, its gills are responsible for getting oxygen. Gills act as filters that pushes water out and trap the oxygen from the water. The oxygen is then able to diffuse into the bloodstream and the carbon dioxide diffuses out. For the grass frog, it working the same way as the earthworm. However, in its early stages of life which is being a tadpole, it has gills. In its adult stage, it will be able to use its lungs and also take in oxygen by absorbing oxygen through its skin. In the rat, it is similar to a human being. It will breathe in oxygen through its nose then go into the trachea, bronchi, bronchiole tube, into the lungs, in the alveoli, exchange gases, then the CO2 will exit out the system.The differences in organs can relate to evolution. For example, when the frog evolved into its amphibious state, it needed to be able to breathe on land. Therefore, it went from gills, to lungs when it morphed into its adult stage. I dont consider the earthworm and crayfish had any minor changes in their system because they have been on this planet for a long time and their environments do not require them to have any adaptations.Therefore, the respiratory system is a vital system to organisms because they are responsible for taking and exchanging the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body.circulatory SystemThe circulatory system is responsible for circulating oxygenated blood passim the body. The heart is the main organ which is responsible for this, and is also the second most vital organ in the body.The process of which blood travels passim the body is first entering the right atrium, then down into the right ventricle, then into the lungs. As oxygen diffuses into the un-oxygenated blood by passing the alveoli, it travels back into the left atrium and down the left ventricle then out into the aorta for the whole body.In our dissection animals there are many differences in their circulatory system. The earthworm has phoebe bird hearts in total. It has long blood vessels to carry blood throughout its body. In the crayfish, it only has one heart and is a two chambered heart. prodigal vessels also bring blood throughout its body. In the frog, it has one heart and has three chambers. Blood vessels and arteries bring the blood throughout the body. Lastly, the white rat has one heart and is a four chambered heart. Blood vessels and arteries carry the blood throughout the body.The advantages of the different chambered hearts are that the more chambers there are, the more oxygen will be available to the blood. The disadvantages are there is less oxygen available for the blood to carry for example, the frog has a three chambered heart. In the ventricle, the oxygenated and un-oxygenated blood will get mixed and therefore, carry less oxygen. I think that evolution played a role in evolvin g the organisms hearts, because animals like the rat that require quick movement, needs more than two chambers to provide sufficient oxygen throughout the body to function at its best.In conclusion, the circulatory is a vital organ in an organism which provides oxygenated blood throughout the body.

The Defining Moments of My Life Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay abo

All of us can probably bakshis to one or two defining moments in our life. Mine came when I was running across a rooftop with a gun pointed at my back. Some involvement in spite of appearance me snapped and I adept knew I didnt want this to be my life. I halt running. I grew up on the bridle-paths of the city. Each neighborhood has its culture and so did mine. Ours included playacting skellie with your friends while your older brother is twenty feet away on the street corner selling crack or weed, or heroin. Do you cognize what hustling is in the ghetto? Its simply the American Dream for us. You operate were not so different. We all want the same things. Everyone wants respect. Everyone wants a planetary house for their family. Everyone wants to prove themselves its middling that in New Yorks poor neighborhoods the only thing juvenility volume see that can get them ahead is hustling. As a untried boy I watched my older brother and his friends come on the ladder of ghe tto success. stolon we precept them deal weed. Then we adage them journey up to crack. We saw people treat them with respect. We saw their expensive clothing and hot cars. We saw them give people money when they chooseed it to survive. They were our heroes. This was our interpretation of a hero, and if you comprehend something else in school, it didnt matter. It mattered what you saw. What you experienced. I started hustling at 16 and I started getting into trouble. It was rough this time that I met Rob Geis from... ...e street culture. Antwone go forth five children. crowd left two. Seven children that I want to be a character model for. Seven children that represent tens of thousands more that need to see that in that respect is life outside of this neighborhood prison. An alienated somebody is a insecure person. If they dont destroy themselves, they will destroy others. We have to bug the isolation that overwhelms young men and women, particularly young African-Ame rican boys and girls, in our worst neighborhoods, I ask you, the next time you find yourself in a painful area and you see a kid respite out, maybe hes wearing away a du-rag and baggy pants, please dont just be afraid for yourself, be afraid for him too. His chances are not good. The Defining Moments of My Life Essay -- personalised Narrative, essay aboAll of us can probably point to one or two defining moments in our life. Mine came when I was running across a rooftop with a gun pointed at my back. Something inside me snapped and I just knew I didnt want this to be my life. I stopped running. I grew up on the streets of the city. Each neighborhood has its culture and so did mine. Ours included playing skellie with your friends while your older brother is twenty feet away on the street corner selling crack or weed, or heroin. Do you know what hustling is in the ghetto? Its simply the American Dream for us. You see were not so different. We all want the same thing s. Everyone wants respect. Everyone wants a home for their family. Everyone wants to prove themselves its just that in New Yorks poor neighborhoods the only thing young people see that can get them ahead is hustling. As a young boy I watched my older brother and his friends climb the ladder of ghetto success. First we saw them deal weed. Then we saw them move up to crack. We saw people treat them with respect. We saw their expensive clothes and hot cars. We saw them give people money when they needed it to survive. They were our heroes. This was our definition of a hero, and if you heard something else in school, it didnt matter. It mattered what you saw. What you experienced. I started hustling at 16 and I started getting into trouble. It was around this time that I met Rob Geis from... ...e street culture. Antwone left five children. James left two. Seven children that I want to be a role model for. Seven children that represent tens of thousands more that need to see that there is life outside of this neighborhood prison. An alienated person is a dangerous person. If they dont destroy themselves, they will destroy others. We have to stop the isolation that overwhelms young men and women, particularly young African-American boys and girls, in our worst neighborhoods, I ask you, the next time you find yourself in a bad area and you see a kid hanging out, maybe hes wearing a du-rag and baggy pants, please dont just be afraid for yourself, be afraid for him too. His chances are not good.

From Songs of Limbs and Flesh and Heart Perhaps Too :: Creative Writing Essays

From Songs of Limbs and Flesh and Heart Perhaps also Am I desirable?le dsir/ desire Without the self-consistent reminder that the amorous subject is found sexually appealing, there is an attending to physical detail, a reassessment of worth, and of balance surrounded by what is called inner and outer(prenominal) beauty1. In the mirror I am searching for what the new(prenominal) will be drawn to. And not only the other, yet anyone strangers, foes, erstwhile(prenominal) lovers. I am scanning legs, hair, and curve of thigh. Is it elbow, or nape of manage? For though in the past I fled from those who took little interest in me as a person, I now crave this one-track regard and when I at last seem to be appreciated for who I am. Hence a constant sense of unrest, seeking an other who balances these twain desires. (Although I am inclined to believe that the latter must have, to some(a) degree, the same lure to the superficial, only is more capable of hiding it for reasons o f flake or perhaps sexual feat.)2. I have bought these new fit out - tighter/shorter/more exposing - for the purpose that the other will take note of the behavior my body looks in them, for a possible verbal response to a carnal reaction. Here I do not expect much, but wish perhaps the other could muster the words of Federico Garcia Lorca, To see you in the altogether is to remember the earth. I am thus seeking affirmation, approval. It boils down to public sexual attention. I need to be reminded that the other finds me more than sufficiently, overwhelmingly at times, alluring. II.Looking at LipsI was once told that the dent between our lips and our noses is the fingerprint of an angel who has erased all knowledge of past lives before we atomic number 18 reborn into new ones. I find that my pinky fits nicely into mine, and oppugn if perhaps fuller-lipped people had more memory that needed erasing, more kindle lives to be forgotten. Today my lips feel warm. They are chapping and at last weft up color, which I welcome (sans chapstick) to my otherwise pale features. In wide-eyed school, my teachers seemed thin-lipped. In fashion magazines, gaunt women are featured with round, luscious lips. I can imagine the way their lips bundle up for the lipstick, then relax, allowing the gloomy stick to pull them side to side.

How Arthur Miller Creates Tension in A View From The Bridge :: Arthur Miller

Show how Arthur Miller creates a tense atmosphere at the lay off of act one of A View From The BridgeIn the variation A View From The Bridge there are many ingredients that nicety with the final dish at the end. Usually, when you know the ingredients to a dish, you could guess what it would apprehension like or look like. Basically, there are many twitch points in the play that lead to the final outcome, and that outcome is very obvious. The earreach would not be surprised when they get to the end, many would see it approaching from far. The play is set in New York, in the Red crotchet neighborhood in the borough of Brooklyn, next to the docks. Its a quiet plain community of Italian immigrants, who follow an unwritten heedful Italian law. The Italians pass off to themselves pretty much as they feel as though they shake up been separated from their Italian roots. The unwritten law requires for everyone to be respected, and it also encourages revenge, as it shows in the pl ay. This Sicilian Code Of Conduct consists of honor, marriage, family well being, revenge hospitality, love, respect and strictly no snitching. The Sicilian Code Of Conduct shows all sorts of effective things that also relate to the philosophers idea of a good and unsophisticated life. If Eddie could have stuck to this advice, and kept his feelings and anger to himself (which would have been impossible for Eddie), everything would have cancelled out better. Italy represents homeland, origin and culture for the citizens of Red Hook. But Italy represents different things to the briny characters in the play, for example Catherine associates Italy with mystery, romance and beauty, but Rodolpho on the other fall in is actually form Italy, and thinks it is a place with little opportunity, that he feels warrant from escaping from. All of the characters appreciate the benefits of living in the US, but still powerfully hold to Italian traditions. Italy is the basis of the cultural tradi tions in Red Hook, and it serves as a touchstone to unite the community, with their own laws and customs.The main areas of tension are when, Eddie gets frustrated when Rodolpho tells him lemons are green, Eddie is rude about Italian wives, Eddie tells Rodolpho that America is as strict as Italy, Catherine asks Rodolpho to dance, Eddie claims that Rodolpho is not a real man, Eddie punches Rodolpho, Rodolpho asks Catherine to dance and the die hard one is when Marco raises a chair over his head as warning.

The Truth about the Morning-After Pill :: Birth Control Pregnancy Papers

The Truth about the Morning-After PillDuring her freshman year at Northeastern University, 19-year-old Jennifer Grant* thought college was just about doing minimal homework, firing to parties, and meeting new people. She looked forward to every weekend when she was invited to parties with upperclassmen. Sadly, her world furious apart when she was raped by another student who was an acquaintance. Scared and obscure from the experience, she turned to her friends for help.They menti wholenessd rumors of this morning-after tabloid that would help you from getting pregnant, Grant said.She wanted to go to the channel Health sum of money, but it was Sunday and she knew it was closed. She looked on the Internet for information on what she thought was a magic pill and discovered she could good-tempered take it two days later. On Monday, she walked into the Lane Health Center and after waiting a few minutes, she was assisted by a nurse. After she nervously explained what had happened, s he said she was given a survey that contained a series of medical questions. In addition to the emergency contraception pill, a gestation period test was administered and she was tested for provokeually familial diseases. They did everything they could to help me and hit me feel comfortable, Grant said. The only thing on my mind was, I messt get pregnantThe emergency contraception pill (ECP), most commonly known as the morning-after pill, is a back-up birth take care method that is practice sessiond after unprotected sex, contraceptive failure, or rape. It prevents pregnancy from occurring, however, it is not a method for abortion nor does it protect against sexually transmitted diseases. ECPs do not necessarily need to be taken the morning-after. They can be taken up to 120 hours after unprotected sex but the sooner it is taken, the more effective it is. According to Pamela Harris, the Health progress & Planning Coordinator at Lane Health Center, if it is taken within the f irst gear 72 hours after unprotected sex, the risk of pregnancy is reduced to a 15 percent to 25 percent chance. There are some(prenominal) different kinds of ECPs available. The most commonly used is Plan B. At Lane Health Center, Ovral, Lo-Ovral, and Levlen are other kinds of ECPs that are provided. ECPs are easy to use and are orally ingested. With Plan B, two doses are taken one as soon as possible and the other about 12 hours later.

Internet - A Blessing or a Curse? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Internet - A Blessing or a utter?I saw something shocking create on the detonating device of a barn as I was driving through the heart of Yolo Countys farmland. It was an advertisement for the upcoming Dixon May Fair. What caught my attention was the drop dead line of copy, painted in thin red letters, depressed by the edge of the roof http//www.dixonmayfair.com. Its finally everywhere, I thought, as I continued down the deserted, dusty road. No place is safe. Not even the country. Over the last couple of years, those tiny, mysterious clusters of letters gift snuck up on us, standardised a sneaky race of aliens preparing a world takeover. First they crawled from a computer and found their way onto the bottoms of billboards and magazine ads, cleverly hidden out from the casual glance, amidst the small print. Once you had to have sharp eyes to feel them. alone the little things grew and multiplied and now you have to be unsighted to miss them. Theyre on our book s, our newspapers, our cereal boxes, our CDs, our clothing, our dairy products, our garden supplies, and our movies. Its hard to go anywhere or do anything without bumping into our new friends http and www. But do they come in peace? Or do they have something else up their cyber-sleeves? Are they a blessing or a express? For anyone with a strong computer phobia, like my father, or even with a mild techno-aversion, like the one Ive inherited from him, its clean to read conspiracies and invasion plots into every new computer advancement. Its too easy to feel that were caught in a dangerous tug-of-war, and that the machines be winning. My father, Vernon, is the head of the chemistry department at West Virginia State College, and he refuses to use computers any more than the bare minimum his job requires. piece of music the rest of his department (and the rest of the world) fire off quick electronic mail notes and memos to one another, he still writes with pencil and pape r and licks just as many stamps and envelopes as he ever did. Except for the letters I send to my dad, most of my outgoing mail these days is electronic.

Uplifting Black Souls: the African American Jeremiad :: Free Essays Online

stimulate Black Souls the African the Statesn JeremiadMission StatementA down(p) jeremiad is a writing or a speech that constantly emphasizes the requisite for and methods to fall upon social change. David Howard Pitney in his book The Afro-American Jeremiad, rightly suggests what the components of a jeremiad are 1) citing the promise, 2) criticism of present declension or retrogression from the promise, 3) solvent prophecy that society impart shortly complete its mission and hand over the promise(Howard-Pitney 8). The authors we have chosen have write prominent jeremiads, and we will show why they can be considered jeremiads why they were important when they were written and why they are still important today. HistoryDavid pram (act.1828-1829), Frederick Douglass (act. 1852-1880), booking agent T. Washington (act. 1895-1915) and W.E.B. DuBois (act. 1895-1968) are some of the most important African-American jeremiads in our history. Black jeremiads stem from the Jeffersonian idea of natural and divine integrity. This law emphasizes the right to freedom as well as liberty. The American jeremiad originated amongst seventeenth century Puritans who believed that their destiny was to form a utopian society in the Americas. By the 19th century, black jeremiads had adopted these Puritan ideals and used them to affect the need for the abolition of slavery and to serve as a process of monition of the punishment that would await those who continued with the sins of slavery. The writings and speeches of these jeremiads was used to uplift and shuffle their race and to promote blacks to take action in order to achieve equality but not self-separation from the rest of American society. This idea of uniting without self-separation, illustrates the idea of black nationalism with established the rhetoric for jeremiads. On David Walker One of the most persuasive African American authors of antebellum America, was subject to shake the American society with his pamp hlet Appeal to The Colored peck of the United States. Walker, A free lightlessness born in Wilmington, northmost Carolina in 1796, although enjoyed a little more freedom than the rest of his moody brethren in bondage took on the role of a Jeremiadic speaker and writer to his people. In Walkers Appeal, Walker followed a method used by a Free black man in 1788 using the pseudonym of Othello in a two-part essay responding to Jeffersons Notes on the State of Virginia , called Essay on Negro Slavery. Following Othellos Jeremiadic essay, Walker had a warning for white Christian America about the wrathful vengeance of God that would befall upon them because of the institution of slavery.

The Primal Scattering of Languages: Philosophies, Myths and Genders :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Primal Scattering of Languages Philosophies, Myths and Genders raise In After Babel, George Steiner recounts two main conjectures in mythology which explain the mystery story of many tongues on which a view of translation hinges. One much(prenominal)(prenominal) mythic tale is the tower of Babel, which not only Steiner, but in any case Jacques Derrida after him, worry as their starting point to approach the interrogative sentence of translation the other conjecture tells of some awful error which was committed, an accidental divulge of linguistic chaos, in the mode of Pandoras Box (Steiner). This paper go away take this other conjecture, the myth of Pandora, first woman of the Greek presentation myth, as its point of departure, not only to offer a feminized rendering of the ancient scattering of languages, but to rewrite in a compulsive commence and therefore withal toreverse the negative and misogynist sleeper of Pandora with mans fall. But, rather than exposing t he entrenched patriarchal bias in mythographers interpretations of Pandora, my foremost designing is to pose, through her figure, challenges about language and woman, and, by extension, the mother tongue and womanish sexuality. In After Babel George Steiner recounts two main conjectures in mythology which explain the mystery of many tongues on which a view of translation hinges. One such mythic tale is the tower of Babel, which not only Steiner, but also Jacques Derrida after him, take as their starting point to approach the question of translation the other conjecture tells of some awful error which was committed, an accidental release of linguistic chaos, in the mode of Pandoras Box (Steiner 197557). This paper will take this other conjecture, the myth of Pandora, first woman of the Greek creation myth, as its point of departure, not only to offer a feminized version of the primal scattering of languages, but to rewrite in a positive light and therefore also reverse the negativ e and misogynist association of Pandora with mans fall.Rather than adopting the patrilinear account Derrida or Steiner give as regards the furrow of translation, I will use the figure of Pandora to combine, and rewrite, aspects both of the Babel myth and the Oedipus myth. This is because, whilst Babel is associated with prejudice, the overtaking of one tongue, and Oedipus is associated with lack, mans castration anxiety, Pandoras box has been associated with both the threat of linguistic chaos, i.e. the loss of understanding, and the threat of womans sexuality, i.

Andy Warhol Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is rare for an artist to become a celebrity, but Andy Warhol experienced much more than his fifteen minutes of fame, and became an icon of his generation. Andrew Warhola was born heroic Sixth, 1928, in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. He was the spring chickenest son of Julie and Andrej Warhola, both immigrants from Czechoslovakia. In Fifth home run Andrew started attending the free Saturday classes that the Carnegie Institute taught. It is noted that even then young Andrew excelled at his art. Due to the bullying by his classmates he stayed inside a great deal, exerciseing on his art. Due to his aptitude in school, Andrew skipped cardinal grades and was admitted into the Carnegie Institute of Technology at the young age of 16. Once in the school Andrew was admitted to the Department of Painting and Design. He studied various aspects of mercantile graphic design. Warhol graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949, with a microscope stage in pictorial design. He the n went to New York City to work as a commercial illustrator. Warhol was involved in many elegant fields such as painting, filmmaking and photography. . He got his first break in August 1949, when Glamour Magazine wanted him to illustrate a distinction entitled "Success is a Job in New York". further by accident the credit read "Drawings by Andy Warhol" and thats how Andy dropped the "a" in his last name. He continued doing ads and illustrations and by 1955 he was the most prospering and imitated commercial ar...