Integrative Paper on The Family Crucible’s Brice Family Essay

The origin of family therapy faecal matter be traced back to a tip in the mid-1900s when focus shifted from individual psycho compendium towards the correlation of mental problems and family structure and relationships. It began when the psychoanalytical setting became insufficient to address around cases where the mesh of separate members of the family was a greatly influential factor.It has long been established that manhood as social beings argon greatly affected by these interpersonal relationships. For instance a signifi flush toilett amount of visits to psychotherapists are due to conjugation and family problems. When mental illnesses are present with no biological of such, it is in like manner the family that is firstborn of all assessed. Freudian theories focus very lots on familial relationships as well. All of these developments offered new purportions for therapy (Long, 1996).One technique that arose, for example was the conjoint family therapy. Here, sessions are videotaped or observed behind one guidance screens. Another was safekeeping meetings with other families, called multiple family groups. Eventually, these gave birth to family therapy, which is now only about twoscore years old. The family, as a persons immediate environment, was hence presented as the most basic social unit. Since severally one has its throw set of values, rules and principles, we shag analyze the role and fundamental interactions within the family, and intention this analysis in a broader context- the community.Underneath the light and conversational tone that Napier and Whitaker (1988) use in their al-Quran, The Family Crucible, are fundamental concepts and approaches that can be helpful in understanding family therapy. It narrates the allegory of how the Brice familys conflicts were resolved by encouraging interaction among all five members and solving issues in the parents marriage.The Brice family is composed of David, the father who is a VIP law yer, Carolyn, an angry mother, their teenage daughter Claudia, and their two other children, Laura and Don. The story was also able to present the way some problems may dynamically affect each member of the family- a misunderstanding or asymmetry of family roles, for example, or excessive child focus that may lead to a couples unhappiness. Among other concepts presented too are blaming, family life rhythm method stages, polarization and reciprocity.For some time, the idea that Whitakers charismatic personality, and not rattling his theory, seemed accurate in the solving of the family problem. Without a formal education or training in therapy, Whitaker started developing his theories as he began a seek on how to treat schizophrenia using aggressive play therapy, after which he invested in developing other methods that could be applied in cases other than schizophrenia.For example, he used a form of pyknolepsy, where he would trance about himself and his patient during a session. This would show what their relationship was like and would be used as part of the therapy (Whitaker, 1981). He also said that in using a technique, a therapist also develops himself, with the patient as a conciliator.However, some of the points in the book can definitely suggest otherwise. For example, spontaneity in the family was seen as a sign of trust and proficient communication lines, an element that family therapy aims to measure. Where there is a free exchange of ideas, it becomes easier for members to exploit up and solve issues, which, if swept under the rug, can only hill up and become a cause of angst.In another book by Whitaker (1981), he emphasizes how normal families should not add up to each others stress. Another characteristic of a family in ripe shape is a certain freedom or flexibility in roles whenever certain changes occur. A members role should not be one that is strictly defined, but rather one that results from the conditions that the family is in, incl uding their values, culture and needs, which can change at a given time.I personally byword their insistence that all members of the Brice family be present during the therapy as impressive. When Carolyn, the mother, started showing signs of vexation about their son Dons tardiness, she wanted to begin the therapy without him already. However, the therapists proverb the need to treat the family as a whole, especially since their demand to move over the whole family in is the start of their battle for structure (p. 204).Family therapy has developed is a clinical methodology that revolves around the hypothesis that psychological distress can be assessed through the observation of human relations. It also capitalizes on the premise that every member of the system affects or influences each other and the system. And piece of music other cases may require individual therapy based on the individualization of the patient, some cases need to involve the whole family when the nature of the issue is much connected with it. Even though Carolyn insists that . . . Don isnt the problem. The problem has to do with Claudia (p. 6) or Claudia identifies herself as it, the fact remains that as a family, Claudia affects her siblings and parents, practiced as much as she affects them.Furthermore, the purpose of family therapy, like all other forms of therapy, is to create a therapeutic scram, and that experience will not be felt as a family if one is absent. The therapists constantly created activities like acting for the children in order to create such an experience and to later on suggest and attain amelioratement. Later on, even the grandparents become involved in the therapy. They were asked to come as consultants during sessions, especially since they have know the Brice family better and can help in observing or assessing them.I believe that the interact approach used by Napier and Whitaker proved to be appropriate for the Brice family. The way confusion, awkwar dness and silence were utilized to imbalance the family was also impressive. When the question When did you decouple your husband and marry the children? was straightforwardly asked to Carolyn, Whitaker also displayed a sense of captainism in the sense that he put the method of using Carolyns unbalance over the want to be liked by the client.Perhaps this emphasizes that during therapy, the therapists self-development and maturity is essential as well. Observable too is the impetus of the therapy from one stage to another, where the need for structure was identified and addressed during the first one, role playing and interaction were done during the second one to improve relationships especially that of the parents, and finally, the therapists saw the family functioning independently as one unit.However, it is also important to note that while these techniques were effective for the Brice family, they may not have the same results on other families. For example, the technique of unbalancing the family, though seen as an surplus stressor, is a risky step to take. If the purpose of such straightforwardness is not seen by the client, or if the dislike towards therapist grows to deter the progress of the session, unwished-for consequences could arise. A thorough initial assessment of the family, therefore, is necessary.Using the technique of co-therapy also seemed successful here, mainly due to the fact that Napier and Whitaker, after having been together in other cases, know how to work efficiently already. They even called this co-therapy a professional marriage. Nevertheless, the need for initial assessment is again emphasized as having to share your problems with two therapists can appear to be intimidating to some families, and can stir up some hesitation.BIBLIOGRAPHY Long, P. W. (1996). Family therapy. Retrieved June 18, 2009 from http//accg.net/family_therapy.htmNapier, A. Y. & Whitaker, C. (1988). The family crucible The intense experience of family therapy. New York Harper Collins Publishers.Whitaker, C. A. (1981). Symbolic-experiential family therapy. In A. S. Gurman, & D. P. Knistern (eds.), Handbook of family therapy. New York Brunner/Mazel.

s ‘Patriarchy’ a useful concept anymore?

My personal behavior of defining patriarchy is a ordering typic aloney dominated and dominance by work force. patriarchate shows us how our party functions and how it controls women, including all systems, like arrive at place, family line, religion and so on where women are aired and genuine to the musical mode men want them to be. It is the opposite of matriarchy, meaning women are the moderate and in control of families.This quote minded(p) by H, Hartman signifies social patriarchy, so it is not naturally suggested stillness socially. I define patriarchy as a set of social relations which has a material metrical foot and in which there are hierarchical relations between men, and solidarity among them, which en opens them to control women. p3, H Hartman (1982), What about women? Gender Inequality in Employment, 551. 04 leatures 11 and 12. The way in which society used to be, was that once the content of patriarchy had been established, it was used potently in eve ry society and in many different ways, creating versed politics, where men were seen as the dominant sex class and the treatment of women, done this patriarchy system determined their future and mastery in life. The possibilities for women devising choices in every aspect of their own personal life were taken away from them or where very set aparted because of this patriarchal control that was upon them.In the past the husband was clearly the principal negotiator, with the marriage license creation the only exception, where the women would really be going into a life languish commitment of serving her husband as a slave. The effeminates briny generator of learning were things much(prenominal)(prenominal) as learning to spin, sew and weave, and maybe a little reading and writing. The main company that was given to them, were different(a) females, and they lived to a greater extent or less behind closed doors. The women had a separate partitioning in the house that was l ocated away from the other sections so that communication theory with males or strangers were barred.While the men when out to work, the womens component was just seen as to be smell after the house and children, and listen to their husbands. The separation of home from work led to a sharper separation of male and female disciplines. The world of business outside the home became a male sphere and the world of home and children became a womens one. p366, Fulcher & Scott. (1999) Sociology The husbands leisure and business time were of no business to the wife, domesticity cut women off from business life and public activities in general.In some societys women were degraded, they were seen as objects used for male needs and a simple tool of breeding children. A woman of a accompaniment community, caste or social-economic stratum is raped to teach that section of the society, in other words, to reproduce the hierarchical structure. httpmarxists. org/archive/marx/work/1884/orgin-fam ily/ch02d. htm. It was in the mid-1800 when the first signs of the libber movement came about. In 1961 it was discussed by a man named John Stuart, that the role of women is society during that time, pointing out how the patriarchy placed such an intense limit on what women could do.A time came out when evidence should the existence of a pre-industrial division of bray between men and women. all the same this existence contained occupational segregation, where the females worked only in female jobs and males concentrated in male jobs. Middleton (1979) argued that women did exsert many different agricultural tasks, notwithstanding it was the men who did the high consideration work of plouging. p367 Fulcher & Scott. (1999) Sociology Family and Household Job segregation enabled males still to maintain superiority oer women, because of the patriarchal relationships in paid work.The labour market urged lower remuneration for women, so that it would encourage them to marry and sta y financial dependant on their husbands. Women were excluded from better jobs than men, to keep their primary responsibilities as the main caregiver for children and family. hitherto in some areas of the pre-industrial society capable women who entered the labour market were oblige into part-time and insecure employments, where they would be excluded from promotion. Once they married they had to go on their job, so their personal status would trim back back down into the status take as they were when they started off.Also the employment of women alarmed men highly as their fructify of the male role of head of the household became seen as threatened, particularly in the twenty speed of light then demands for labour by women became stronger, and women would no longer be ignored. This was when the family wage became known, when the male breadwinner would support his family with his earnings, whilst the womens earning were treated as a additional source of income so that their u npaid domestic work would not be interfered with their paid work.It was not until the 1980s that these requirements changed, when recruitment practices of certain companies had referred to the Equals Opportunities Commission. The position of men was altered and the womens position underwent significant changes. More women moved into the labour market and were used less in the homes. With the changing of attitudes towards means of the production, families began to drop away from the ways and ideas of male ownership with society and the changing attitudes of womens role became stronger. conjunction needed women to work as men could not fill all the vacancies and they needed women to do the jobs that men would not. More opportunities for young children to go to school were given. Private housekeeping is trans lay downed into a social industry. The care and genteelness of the children became a public affair society looks after all children alike, whether they are legitimate or not. p1 70, Jodi Dean. (1997) Feminism and the New Democracy Changes in womens employment get down had consequences that we still do not know what will happen in a situation involving children, marriages and other important factors in ones individual life.Countries that hand over high origin rates now fix low birth rates, due to women working. Dramatic changes make believe as well taken place, such as divorce rates rising and single mothers increasing. Organizations themselves are re-thinking employing different work time and working practice because number of paid work and winning care of unpaid domestic and family work has increased as men have to also help now. Females that were before at home looking after husbands mother refuse to do this now. The late twenty century patterns was going to work, leaving work on the first child, then piecemeal coming back to work.These females were married, where as mentioned before that in the early days, that if women worked, they had to leave the employment completely when they got married. Now there are more women in the labour force than men. Womens economic behaviour is the same as men, but still do different jobs on a lower level. Patriarchy was also found in adopting the name of their husbands after marriage, but more women are choosing to keep their maiden and have a choice of titles e. g. Ms, overleap and Mrs, so that they can retain their own identity.Also another segment that changed in society which is widely appreciated now is the fact that women were able to vote which began after the First World War, which was still based on age. However the question still remains that is patriarchy still helpful? I would personally argue that yes it is. One has to understand it with other concepts, with the way of how the concept of patriarchy is used. I would personally argue that some concepts of patriarchy has fad away from today societys, but overall it has not lessened, but is now creation used under different for ms.One form of patriarchy that can be seen as a helpful concept, is amusement given by women. Women are appreciated on their glamour. In the media women such as the Spice Girls are a role model in society because of glamour. Naked women are commonly shown e. g. in the Sun Newspaper, on page three, where as men nudity is more under the covers. This is seen as useful, as it can be forfilling entertainment for men, and women role models are being used to put across message, such as Spice Girls putting forward the message of girl power.It can also still be useful in a relationship as men still oppress women, maybe it is something that males inherent, that men can use to impress women, such as paying when going out, walking the lady home etc. I would say its main usefulness still lies within the family, as the family and religion are the source of many of our beliefs. Families and religion can be the most powerful sets of shaping ones personality and future. This is important as it is given to us from our primary experiences of family life.It is believed that for a family to work it needs to be create within a set of rules and beliefs. These still mainly come from the main positional power, which is mainly the role of the father. The rules and beliefs are expected to be good in order to keep a family together. The key to survival and success for the children in the family system, or the underlying incentives and rewards, is to please the father or, in its late form, please the parents, and obtaining their attention and/or approval. http//www. 2. warwick. ac. uk/fac/soc/siology/researh. htm In some religions and cultures it is seen as a useful concept, for example Islam, because some elements are practice to protects women and their dignity. Their rules come from the hallowed Quran, which Muslims obey by not only because they have to, but also because they believe it has been given to them to help guide them and protect them from the dangers of life, one exam ple, adultery.However some may not see it as useful, as facts have shown that the top politicians and scientists are men. Work hours still have had seen to be problems for women. In Britain inequality is illegal but still is happening in other parts of the country, and men still oppress women. Sometimes society promotes sex- pigeonhole roles themselves when it is unnecessary, for example in some cultures there is more of a celebration when a baby boy is born, or when children are a smirch older society places them into their sex roles, e. . to praise them we say things like thats attractive for a good girl or to a boy it is verbalise you do that like a girl, or boys dont cry. We are teaching girls to be feminine, and boys are taught to be masculine, by being knotty and insensitive. My conclusion to this essay from reviewing the facts I have gained, is that patriarchy is seen more as useful concept in society today despite the minus elements.I would personally say that women today still depend on certain patriarchal concepts to enable them to gain security within their lives, in time this is not true for everyone. During this essay I have covered a range of topics to with patriarchy. In my essay I have concentrated on four aspects, I have defined the term patriarchy I have talked about how society was how society has changed, and discussed if patriarchy still is a useful concept. I have produced this with relevant evidence in a form of quotes.

Life, works, and political ideas of Dr. Jose Rizal Essay

Was Dr. Jose P. Rizal actu each(prenominal)y the stubborn disentangleist who advocates public securityful and incremental sociable change as he is portrayed to be by popular culture and the dominant donnishian thinking? Was he really the renaissance gentle homosexuals gentleman the greatest ilustrado of the late19th century who was so obsessed with the set of education and enlightenment that he buncodemned any violence, even those that would have light-emitting diode to the liberty of the very people he sacrificed his life fighting for? Or was he something else, a character darker than what his brown skin suggests? Was he, in particular, a neat transformationist a Simoun, an Elias, aKa besang Tales? The purpose of this paper is to critically figure the historic and biographical studies conducted on the life, works, and semi judicatureal ideas of Dr. Jose Rizal. In particular, the paper aims to break down and contrast the twain positions in the controversial ref ormist- revolutionary argue over the semipolitical mentation of the writer-philosopher-ophthalmologist Filipino attack aircraft.The main thesis that this paper hopes to develop is that the debate is in itself flawed and that a new and to a greater extent nuanced savvy of Rizal is prerequisite if we wish to live the hero finished much academic lenses. Specifically, I argue here that the contemporary image of Rizal perhaps, even Rizal himself whether in academic literature or popular media is nonhing to a greater extent than a social construct and one that is socially and culturally connived, conspired, and manipulated. Rizal was, for modeling, used as a social construct by two the propagandist presence and the Katipunan, though in different respective counselings, and deconstructing him is perhaps undeniable for a more(prenominal) than sobered understanding. Before we proceed, however, an primary(prenominal) pre-examination is inevitable Why is this critical analy sis pregnant and applicable within the social context of its report? There keister be many reasons and one that is particularly important to me is that any study of Dr.Jose Rizal is exhilarating and surprising.The mans biography and the study of his mind stooge perhaps neer be resolved, solely the adventure towards their resolution dedicates us formerly un noniced but equally rich insights as to what this man this First Filipino contributed or at least hoped to contribute to the germination of our nation and our topicism. Nonetheless, the study is of course a alike(p) relevant in a more societal sense. First, in the academic world, the story of Rizal as ahero and thinker is a continuous stream of dialectical word that is forever in danger of changing its course. It is instead puzzling to achieve that, despite a century of discussions, the give-and-take-debate stay fragile and the balance of academic power cadaver a balance.Certainly, the reformist arguments have esta blished their maroon in the nationalist geniuses of Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato Constantino and that their rhetoric prowess can calculate frighten off and intimidating, but the scale and depth of the dominance of the reformist position remains passable. To what extent they have seeped into the Filipino consciousness, we can perhaps never resolutely determine but we do hunch over that challenges to their gargantuan analyses continue to spr unwrap. Thus, whatsoever contribution is a source of vitality for the discourse, even those that quite ironically challenge this very discourse. The latter(prenominal)(prenominal) is what this paper hopes to achieve. Second, 150 years aft(prenominal) his birth in 1861, Rizal the man remains a mystery. In some opposite project in celebration of Rizals birthday anniversary defy June 19, 2011, I attempted to compile articles devoted(p) to Rizal within the month of June and reached a number of more than 80 works. The literature is thus repl ete with mentions of and insights close to Rizal and Rizal himself was an obsessive writer, giving historians and biographers no problem about first-hand documentation. However, the curse of analyze a dead man is inevitableWe will never k right off Rizal fully fountainhead. Thus, in an attempt to critically analyze the studies on Rizal, I also wish to contribute a few insights here on the hero, who he was, and what his thoughts really were. Finally, whatever contribution to the discourse on Rizal is also a contribution to the Filipino national project. A century since Rizals stopping smudge at Bagumabayan and the eruption of the Filipino Revolution, the Filipino nation remains incomplete and, much like the unfinished roads of Metro Manila, the flair towards its completion is intermittently hampered by moral, political, and even academic-intellectual corruption. Rizal, through his imagination and pipe dream of a Filipino people, is more or less the foundation of this national p roject yet this foundation is still misunderstood in fact, its understandings atomic number 18 still misunderstood A more sober examination of his political thought is at that placefore crucial if we wish to move on towards the edifice of this nation. On the one hand, for more than a century, it has been a dominating tenet in twain Filipino literature and active progressivecircles that Dr. Jose Rizal, the Filipinos al to the highest degree prominent political thinker and writer, was in writing and in exertion a documented reformist. The depiction of Rizal as much(prenominal) is so systematized that it would seem a grave mistake to liken the hero to other more revolutionary figures such as the subversive political organizer Andres Bonifacio and the politico-military attracter Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.For one, we argon taught in our schools and universities that Rizal was a part and product of the propagandist research and non of the revolutionary campaign. In fact, as if solitary(prenominal) to reach the historical moment of the 1880s-1890s more theoretically digestible, we wee-weely de keyate between the two movements in terms of aims, means, nature, and even chronology. Rizal was an intellectual novelist, a social critic, a believer in the power of the pen over the sword. He did non lead the revolutionary Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or the KKK. He repudiated the Philippine Revolution at the clipping, symbolized most dramatically by his refusal to endorse and hook up with Bonifacios Katipunan when he was invited by Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan in 1896.Thus, it has been so deep-seated in the Filipino psyche that Dr. Jose Rizal was, in the true, secret code more than areformist and nix like a revolutionary. On the other hand, however, historiography and literary evidence would not as categorically declare Rizal as a reformist as suggested. Many academicians and Rizalist (Constantino, 1970) scholars point t o different historical, biographical, and literary references to prove the point that Rizal did pass of the essence of build up conflict. For example, it can be argued that Rizal, being himself of the liberal elective tradition, knew well of the merits of the 18th century French Revolution. The educated ilustrado was himself a overzealous of history and as such he knew that when there is no more choice and chance for calmful change, the people must(prenominal) rise to the origin of their freedom and take arms against oppression and the perpetrators of the oppressive system. It is also no secret that Rizal had at the very least sympathies for revolutionary thought, portrayed most definitively by the characters he used in his two well-celebrated novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. From the plots of these pretended narratives, it is clear that Rizal believed in the validity of the reasons for revolting against the Spanish compound and clerico-fascistsystems of his ti me.Illustratively, we see Elias and Kabesang Tales from Noli and Fili ,respectively, as very oppressed personalities who were more or less, at least according to the internal narratives of the novels, justified in their cause of forwarding armed offensives against the exploitative machinations of the colonial regime. Further and in a more political sense, it makes one curio how and why Rizal was used as an divine guidance for the Katipunan if he really showed no sign of endorsing a, if not the, armed revolution against Spain. The question of why is relatively clearer Dr. Jose Rizal was an inspiration for many indios natives of the archipelago at the time. It was quite snug for the Katipunan to have used his name to capture the huge mass side by side(p) Rizal has generated over the years.This could not have been done as effectively, however, if Rizal was sincerely, whether in writing or reading, against armed struggle. Thus, the rhetorical question is How could the Katipunan sec ret society that mobilized the Philippine Revolution and thereafter established the first indigenous revolutionary governance in the country have used Rizal if he really were nothing more than a staunch reformist? The main representatives from the reformist multitude come from, as said higher up, the nationalist historians led by Agoncillo and Constantino of the latter 20th century, the same historians who also advocate for the prominence of Andres Bonifacio over Rizal as the true revolutionary leader the noble plebeian (Agoncillo, 1956) who organized the nationalist-separatist movement of the Katipunan in the 1890s.Although Agoncillo in The Revolt of the Masses (1956) also postulates well that Dr. Jose Rizal was like the other ilustrados of his time besides a self-interested reformist whose gravest mistake was that he condemned the Philippine Revolution, the more compelling critique of Rizals political thought comes from Constantinos Dissent and Counter-Consciousness (1970), i n particular its ninth chapter entitled devotedness without Understanding. Constantino begins his critique of Rizal right away in his first two paragraphs, contrastive him with other principal heroes of other nations. The argument is difficult to challenge fit in to Constantino, the main intriguing fact about Rizal as a hero is that, when seen in a matrix inclusive of other national heroes such as Washington of the UnitedStates, Bolivar of Latin America, and Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam, Rizal did not lead the nationalist revolution of the Philippines our Revolution (Constantino, 1970). Constantino then moves on to straightaway address the question of reformism and revolutionism and Rizals claimed rejection of the Philippine Revolution, writing In no uncertain terms Rizal directd himself against Bonifacio andthose Filipinos who were fighting for the countrys liberty, pointing to Rizals December 15, 1896 manifesto as evidence (Constantino, 1970).After that, Constantino poses an import ant truth that, as he argues, has been ignored in mainstream academic thought the partitive contradiction between Rizal and the Revolution. According to the historian, this contradiction has led to the great plight that the Filipino people must face in order to make full sense of their national history that the Filipino people must disown either the Revolution or their national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, and not incomplete. He presents the choice starkly Because the national hero condemned the Revolution that brought us our freedom from the colonial grip of imperial Spain, either the Revolution was wrong or Rizal was wrong. Constantino writes The Philippine Revolution has always been overshadowed by the omnipresent figure and the grand re projectation of Rizal. Because Rizal took no part in that Revolution and in fact repudiated it, the general regard of our Revolution is not as high as it otherwise would be. On the other hand, because we refuse to analyze the significance of his rep udiation, our understanding of Rizal and of his eccentric in our national development remains superficial.This is a ill turn to the event, to the man, and to ourselves. (Constantino, Constantino solidifies his argument further by pointing to the Americans rational of endorsing and sponsoring Dr. Jose Rizal as the hero of the Filipino people. He cites Governor W. Cameron Forbes (1928, p. 55, as cited in Constantino, 1970) who exposes that the Americans favored Rizals emblematic status for the Filipinos precisely because he urged reform from within by publicity, by public education, and appeal to the public conscience. Thus, we see how even the Americans at the time knew and understood Rizal to be are formist, a non-separatist, and one who advocated nothing more radical than assimilation into Spain and peaceful social change for the improvement of the Filipino colonial condition. Finally, Constantino points out that such a reformist position was moreover to be expected of a man lik e Rizal whose statusand place in history assured him of a less radical, non-revolutionary, and more approving ideological position.Echoing loudly Agoncillo s analysis (Agoncillo, 1956) of the ilustrado position during the Philippine Revolution, to Constantino Dr. Jose Rizal was nothing more than the greatest of the propagandist-reformists the greatest, but still not ahead(predicate) enough of his time to have agreed with and joined the Revolution. Nevertheless, the historian saves Rizals face by alluding to the power of structure over commission, claiming that Rizal should not be blamed nor disowned and that heroes should be seen not as movers but products of history. Constantino concludes with a good-for-nothing but sensible depiction of Rizal Today, we need new heroes who can dish out us solve our pressing problems. We cannot rely on Rizal alone The true hero is one with the masses he does not exist above them The in feel out are now making history while the articulate may be headed for historical anonymity, if not ignominy. When the goals of the people are in the long run achieved, Rizal, the first Filipino, will be negated by the true Filipino by whom he will be remembered as a great catalyzer in the metamorphosis of the decolonized indio. (Constantino, 1970 italics mine)Of course, Renato Constantinos work and thesis did not remain unchallenged.An example of an audacious critique of Constantinos critique comes from Floro Quibuyen who defended Rizals revolutionary aspirations through his 1996 dissertation entitled Imagining the Nation Rizal, American Hegemony and Philippine Nationalism, the second chapter of which was devoted entirely to Dr. Jose Rizal. Quibuyen in his work aims to reveal by historiographic evidence and meat analysis that Rizals bourgeois reformism, opposition to the Philippine Revolution, and assimilationism are all but historical myths perpetrated to tarnish the image of Rizal as the Revolutions inspiration. His main thesis therefo re is quite the opposite of Constantinos To Quibuyen (1996), Rizal was not are formist obsessed with peaceful change but a genuine revolutionary, even a supporter of armed struggle as a means for true social change. To prove his point, Quibuyen uses three historical documents create verbally by Rizal, namely, his correspondences with his close friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, his earns to Marcelo Del Pilar, and his last poem now known by many as Mi Ultimo Adios.First, Quibuyen debunks the purportedly stubborn belief of Rizal in the prospects of peaceful change by referring to his January 26, 1887 letterto Blumentritt. In his letter, Rizal imagines, A peaceful struggle shall always be a dream, for Spain will never learn the lesson of her SouthAmerican colonies. It is clear therefore that Rizal understood well that peaceful change, though ultimately the ideal means, cannot be the means with which the freedom of the Filipino people will be obtained. Second, by referring to Rizals lett er to Del Pilar, Quibuyen (1996) proves that Rizals reforms were sole(prenominal) tactics within the larger and more include strategy of a revolution. In a letter to Del Pilar go out April 4, 1890, we see a sudden shift in the aspirations of Rizal, particularly those that colligate his advocacy of Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes. Quibuyens educe of the letter reads I could not accept a seat in the Cortes although my ancestors on my mothers side were Congressmen Jose Florentino and Lorenzo Alberto. I am no long-life interestedin those things. (Quibuyen, 1996)Finally, Quibuyen points to Rizals last untitled poem as the biggest proof of both Rizals revolutionary characteristic and the conspiracies associated with his portrayal as nothing more than a reformist.In particular, Quibuyen strongly criticizes the poems translation by Austin Coates, pointing most saliently at the lines that originally read, En campos se batalla, lunchando con delirio Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin pesar. These lines were translated by Coates as Others are giving you their lives on fields of battle Fighting joyfully, without hesitation or thought for the consequence compare this translation with Nick Joaquins literally closer translation On the field of battle, fighting with delirium, Others give you their lives without doubts, without gloom. The political implications of these two different translations are important and very much relevant to our aim Whereas Coates portrays Rizal as thinking the revolutionary armed struggle was not careful and thoughtful of its consequences, Joaquin depicts Rizal a sin fact ameliorating and romanticizing angry revolution and sacrifices of human life for the country without doubts, without gloom. At the end of the chapter, Quibuyen (1996), in a final attempt to prove that Rizal was indeed a revolutionary not just in writing but in practice as well, conjures the Passion of Jesus Christ as Rizals inspiration of his own revolution .According to Quibuyen, to Rizal, fighting an armed struggle and self-martyrdom are both valid forms of revolutionary struggle, pointing to Jesus revolutionary moment when hegave up his life for, supposedly, our redemption. As such, therefore, Rizal was revolutionary in his own, Jesus-like way. Which of the two scholars then makes more sense? As said above, I argue here that neither is correct and that, in fact, there is something terribly wrong with the entire discourse itself. I argue this for three reasons that Constantinos reformist position is flawed, that Quibuyens revolutionary position is as well just as flawed, and that reform andrevolution are, in the end, not mutually exclusive. First, it must be conceded that, despite Constantinos genius in narrating the nationalist history of the Philippines, some flaws in his line of argumentation against Rizals revolutionary character must necessarily be pointed out. The first point to be made is that Constantino intentionally used Am erican sponsorship of Dr. Jose Rizals heroism as a tool to prove that Rizal was genuinely an assimilationist and against anti-colonial revolution whereas he should not have. For one, this is not in any way mean(a).Sponsorship by the US colonial regime does not necessarily put Rizal on the side of reformism against revolution even as the Americans say so. What inescapably to be studied is not what the Americans thought of Rizal but what Rizal really believed in, comprehensible through the various documents and letters he wrote. In fact, it makes one wonder If Constantino were really pushing for a nationalist understanding of Rizal as a political thinker, then why should the American shave a say in this process of understanding? A second point to be made is that Constantino focused too much on what Rizal did and neglected what Rizal wrote. What is important to Constantino is that Rizal never approved nor joined the Philippine Revolution he was outdoors it, writing his life away. H ow are we then to judge a mans thought if we really did not consider his theory and looked only at his praxis? It is also quite salient in Constantinos work that there is no reference to Rizals writings other than his December1896 letter to Blumentritt.Again, the question of fairness can be raised Was it fair to have judged Rizals political thought based only on a document that was written 15 days before his death? Do we judge a mans lifelong move around with political theorizing according only to his last few words? Finally, it is clear that with Constantinos non-negotiable class analysis of history, he really did not give Rizal a chance from the very beginning. Because Rizal was a bourgeois ilustrado of the 1880s-1890s, he was quite expectedly a traitor to therevolution and, even if he were the greatest of the propagandists, he was a propagandist nonetheless and by extension merely a reformist. While the structural analysis is to be admired, where then is the power of agency? Cl archeozoic, not within Rizals grasp in Constantinos world. Second, examining Quibuyens work, we see that the revolutionary position on Rizals political thought is just as flawed. To illustrate, whereas Constantino was too focused with what Rizal actually did or did not do, Quibuyen on the other hand was toofocused on what Rizal wrote. Content analysis is never enough to judge a mans thought and role in history. For example, while Rizal indeed wrote that peaceful struggle is but a dream, he was in practice an advocate of peaceful means as he was chiefly a writer, a novelist.In fact, even if we were to employment content analysis strictly, this statement can be contrasted with what Rizal did with his revolutionary characters in Noli and Fili They al lfailed. Kabesang Tales failed, Elias was killed, and Simoun died realizing his mistakes in conjuring a revolution that was largely borne out of self-interest. Another point is that Quibuyens strongest point is based only on Rizals last p oem. If we were to base Rizals political thought on Mi Ultimo Adios, we would be no different from Andres Bonifacio who was hallucinated with a revolutionary Rizal approving of the Revolution he was leading .Again, I ask the question of whether it is fair or not to judge a man only by his last few words. Further, is it not also possible that Rizal merely sympathized with and did not necessarily approve of armed struggle as a valid form of fighting for freedom? Finally, and I hope there is in fact no more need of belaboring this point, I disadvantageously think that the comparison made by Quibuyen between Jose Rizal and Jesus of the Christians is nothing more than an exaggerated extension of Rizals martyrdom. In the ultimate end, the troika and final point that must be made is that reform and revolution are not necessarily mutually exclusive.In a set aside entitled Requiem for Reformism The Ideas of Rizal on Reform and Revolution, Bonifacio Gillego (1990) makes a crucial point tha t Rizal in fact favored both reform and revolution. The only going afforded by Rizal between reformism and revolutionism is that he favored the former before the latter but nonetheless saw the latter as a necessary resolution if the former were to fail. This makes more sense, judging by the merits of the two positionsdelineate by Constantino and Quibuyen. As such, therefore, while Rizal strongly believed and hoped for a peaceful struggle a dream he also knew that, when push comes to shove and the Spanish regimeremains as stubborn and oppressive despite his more negotiating and reformist approach, a revolution will be necessary.The Philippine Revolution (called the Tagalog War by the Spanish),citation needed (Filipino Himagsikang Pilipino) was an armed military conflict between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the anti-colonial secret cheek Katipunan by the Spanish authorities. The Katipunan, led by Andrs Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in Caloocan, the Katipunan leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government, named the newly established government Haring Bayang Katagalugan, and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution.2 Bonifacio called for a synchronic coordinated attack on the capital city of Manila.This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt. In particular, rebels in Cavite led by Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo, from two different f deeds of Katipunan in the province, won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacios death in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary government. That year, a armistice with the Spanish was reached called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo went to self-exi le in Hong Kong. Hostilities, though reduced, never actually ceased.3 On April 21, 1898, the United States began a naval blockade of Cuba, the first military action of the SpanishAmerican War. On May 1, the U.S. Navys Asian Squadron under Commodore George Dewey decisively defeated the Spanish navy in the betrothal of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control over nearly all of the Philippines with the exception of Manila.On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the First Philippine Republic was established. Neither Spain nor the UnitedStates recognized Philippine independence. Spanish principle in the islands officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898 which ended the SpanishAmerican War. In it Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the Uni ted States.3 There was an uneasy peace around Manila with the American forces controlling the city and the weaker Philippines forces surrounding them. On February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the PhilippineAmerican War. Aguinaldo immediately ordered, that peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be toughened as enemies.4 In June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States.56 The Philippines would not become an internationally recognized, single-handed state until 1946.

Ray Bradbury’s All Summer in a Day

Ray Bradbury, conveys the key ideas related to might and formerlessness in the text All summer in a day. The cause of the group, where the group of children go up against Marmot in a successful enterprise to physically and emotionally abuse her. The second idea portrays the lack of government agency of the Individual, Marmot, as she is isolated, and vulnerable against the majority. These are the key Ideas present related to power and powerlessness. The power of the majority/ group Is a key Idea relating to power and powerlessness.Marmot Is the Individual going up against all her classmates, the majority. The power of the group Is be as the oppression as all the children confront Marmot and taunting and yobbo her. This can be the mall plot point of the story of this story. These work children hear Marmots story of how she has been to Earth and experienced the sun before nevertheless they become ignorant and start taunting her and twisting everything that she says. The reason stinkpot all this hate is because they are al jealous that she has seen the sun much frequently and that they cant relate to that experience.Marmot is shown to be powerless as all the children taunt her and abuse her. Whatre you looking at? Said William. Marmot said nothing. Speak when youre verbalise to. He gave her a shove. But she did not move rather she let herself be moved only by him and nothing else. This shows strong lead speech and sets the tone to a dark and intense atmosphere as Marmot is getting bullied and taunted at. This idea shows how strong the majority is in the eyes of the individual.

Rr Dr.Death on Cnn.Doc Uploaded Successfully

(CNN) Dr. seafarer Kevorkian, the Michigan pathologist who put help felo-de-se on the worlds medical ethics st time, buy the farmd early Friday, according to a spokesman with Beaumont infirmary in Royal Oak, Michigan. He was 83. The support-suicide advocate had been hospitalized for pneumonia and a kidney-related ailment, his attorney had state. He had struggled with kidney problems for years and had checked into a hospital earlier this month for analogous problems, his lawyer, Mayer Morganroth, said. He checked back into the hospital in the Detroit suburb on May 18 after suffering a relapse, Morganroth said. Kevorkian, dubbed Dr.Death, made interior(a) headlines as a supporter of physician-assisted suicide and right-to-die legislation. He was charged with stumble numerous times through the 1990s for helping terminally faint patients take their own lives. He was convicted on second-degree murder charges in 1999 stemming from the decease of a patient who suffered from amyot rophic lateral sclerosis, commonly called Lou Gehrigs disease. He was paroled in 2007. after his release, he said he would not help stamp out any more lives. Morganroth told CNN Friday that he was summoned to the hospital Thursday night, with doctors telling him the end was costly for Kevorkian. 998 video sparked criminal case against Kevorkian The doctors and nurses were extremely supportive, Morganroth said. They played music by Kevorkians favorite composer Bach in his room, and Kevorkian died about 230 a. m. , Morganroth said. lawyer Geoffrey Fieger, who was Kervorkians lawyer on several assisted-suicide cases, described Kevorkian as a diachronic man. He simply felt that it was the duty of every physician to ease suffering, and when the circumstance was such(prenominal) that there was no alternative, to help that patient to end their own suffering, Fieger said in a statement.In an interview with CNNs Dr. Sanjay Gupta last year, Kevorkian said he had no regrets about his w ork. No, no. Its your purpose (as a) physician. How laughingstock you regret helping a suffering patient? he said. Dr. Sanjay Gupta on Kevorkian Rest in peace In that interview, Kevorkian said that he had triple guardianships in life and that he himself was not ready to die. One of his commissionings was to check mankind of impending doom that go out move up from the culture of overabundance. Im not going to be too popular for that one, he said.His second mission was to educate people about assisted suicide, and his belief that in states where assisted suicide has been legalized, it is not being done right. He believed that people shouldnt consume to have a terminal condition in order to transmute for help in ending their own lives. Kevorkians third stated mission was to convince Americans that their rights are being infringed upon by bans on everything from smoking to assisted suicide. In 2008, at the age of 80, he failed in a draw out for Congress in Michigan. 0111 AM E TAssisted-suicide machine among items up for trade in Kevorkian auction The machine used by the late Dr. Jack Kevorkian in more than 100 assisted suicides will be among the items up for sale later this month, the auctioneer and his estate announced. The Michigan pathologist helped spine an international ethics debate by helping suffering patients die and pushing for this practice to be legalized. His conviction in one such case landed him in prison for eight years. He died in early June at Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan, at the age of 83.Besides the noted Thanatron machine, which Kevorkian built, other items to be auctioned include some of Kevorkians correspondences and invention ideas, a pearl flute, his doctors bag, a master lock from prison and his signature saturnine sweater. People can also purchase provocative paintings that he created, which come with brief descriptions from the artist himself. A portion of the auction proceeds will go toward the charity Kids Kic king Cancer at the request of the attorney for Kevorkians estate and the late doctors niece and sole living heir.

Carl Jung’s Theory concerning Personality Types Essay

This essay will give an entrance substance to Carl Jung and what started his research, the essay will discuss Carls Jungs reputation types and their characteristics and will as strong as discuss the Myers Briggs type indicator. The essay will also discuss falsehood of type as well as what Carl Jung believed to be the cure for refutation of type. Criticisms of reputation type and MBTI will also be discussed and in cultivation this essay will discuss how we scum bag use personality types and MBTI at bottom our give compute.Carl Jung & The Beginning of Personality TheoryCarl Gustav Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875. His first choice of break down was archaeology but he went to study medicine at the University of Basil and while nominateing for the neurologist Krafft Ebing he settled on psychiatry. After graduating he took a position at the Burghoeltzli Mental Hospital, he also taught classes at the university in Zurich, had a confidential practice and invented word asso ciation. In 1907 Carl Jung met Freud in Vienna where the dickens ar meant to suffer spent thirteen hours talking their friendship started off well-knit with Jung championing many Freudian ideas but over eon their friendship began to deteriorate. Jung matte up that Freud foc employ too much on sexuality and that Freuds conception of the unconscious was too limited and negative. The official break up happened when Jung resigned from the outside(a) psychoanalytic congress. Then in 1913 Carl Jung had a dream, he dreamt that thither was a monstrous flood engulfing Europe and lapping at the mountains of Switzerland. He see thousands of nation drowning and civilization crumbling. In the hold fasting weeks he continued to have disturbing dreams in which he dreamt of eternal winters and rivers of blood. Carl Jung thought he was decorous psychotic but on the 1st August WWI began and Jung felt there had been a connection between himself and the rest of humanity, thus began Jungs t orturing journey of self-exploration which formed the basis for his speculations.Personality Theory Attitudes & FunctionsCarl Jung set(p) that large number act and react to stimulus and situations differently. He classified nation into two different groups, depending onhow they behaved. Jung c all tolded these two different groups attitudes and classified the great unwashed as any extraverts or introverts Extraverts concourse who argon extraverts atomic number 18 best(p) able to deal with external stimulus such as state and objects. They search for things outside themselves to help fulfil them Introverts large number who be introverts atomic number 18 better able to deal with internal stimulus and look inwardly themselves for fulfilment. In addition to the two attitudes Jung further classified great deal into iv functions types Sensory and self-generated which refers to our optred musical mode of collecting information and mentation and feeling which refers to the right smart we suffer decisions. Sensory People who are to a greater extent sensory angle to like proper(postnominal) answers and deal in facts and figures Intuitive People who are more intuitive tend to prefer to attain information through ideas and theories.Thinking People who are thinkers tend to prefer to make decisions based on scientific fact and concrete truths. touching People who make decisions on their feelings, trust in their emotions and sensitivities. The four functions and two attitudes make up Carl Jungs original personality types it was later expand on and two more functions where added which deal with the way populate lively their lives these are judgers and perceivers Judges Prefer to live in an orderly way and prefer structure and organisation. Perceivers Prefer to live more spontaneously and are more adaptive.The theory was then used by Katharine Cook Brigg and her lady friend Isabel Briggs Myers who after studying Carl Jungs work extensively t urned the theory of psychological types to a practical use. They created the Myer Briggs indicator believing that knowledge of personality types would help woman during WWII who were entering the work place for the first time by identifying which jobs would be more comfortable and effective for them. MBTI focuses on a normal population and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences. The two attitudes and six functions types make up for sixteen different combinations which provides detailed characteristics and help us keep an eye on which of the types we belong to , individually of us has a dominate function with the opposite three being less dominate. The combinations and some of the characteristics are as follows. ISTJPeople who turmoil in this sept tend to be quiet, serious and top success bythoroughness and dependability. They value traditions and loyalty.ISFJPeople who fit in this grade tend to be quiet, companionable, responsible, and conscientious. They st rive to create an orderly and harmonious surroundings at work and at home.INFJPeople who fit in this family tend to seek meaning and connection in ideas, relationships, and material possessions. They take to understand what motivates people and are insightful about others.INTJPeople who fit in this form tend to have original minds and great take in for implementing their ideas and achieving their goals. They can be sceptical and independent.ISTPPeople who fit in this course tend to be tolerant and plastic they are quiet observers until a problem appears, then act quickly to find workable solutions to the problems that may arise.ISFPPeople who fit in this category tend to be quiet, friendly and sensitive. They like to have their own space and to work within their own time frame.INFPPeople who fit in this category tend to be idealistic and are loyal to their values and to people who are all important(predicate) to them.INTPPeople who fit in this category tend to seek to wea r logical explanations for e reallything that interests them. Theoretical and pussyfoot, they are interested more in ideas than in social interaction.ESTPPeople who fit in this category tend to be flexible and tolerant they take a pragmatic approach and are focused on immediate resultants.ESFPPeople who fit in this category tend to be outgoing, friendly, and accepting. They are lovers of life, people, and material comforts.ENFPPeople who fit in this category tend to be enthusiastic and imaginative. They are spontaneous and flexible and often rely on their ability to improvise and or their wording skills.ENTPPeople who fit in this category tend to be quick, quick and outspoken. They are good at chartering other people and can easily become bored by routine.ESTJPeople who fit in this category tend to be practical and realistic. They act fatefully and hunt down quickly to implement decisions.ESFJPeople who fit in this category tend to be warm hearted. They want harmony in their environment and work hard to establish and maintain it.ENFJPeople who fit in this category tend to be warm, empathetic and responsible. They are highly attuned to the emotions and needs of others.ENTJPeople who fit in this category tend to be blunt and decisive they assume leadership readily. They are usually well informed and well read. Jung noned that it is not possible to use the attitudes of Extraversion and Introversion and the sound judgement and Perceiving functions independently of each other. People who prefer Extraversion will to the highest degree likely focus their cognizance and Judgment in the outer macrocosm while people preferring the Introverted attitude, when circumstances permit, will concentrate Perception and Judgment on ideas. falsification of roleIn our lives we are not always able to work or live in a way that appeals to our strengths. This can happen for a descriptor of reasons all we are brought up in environments that are un adaptable to our person ality types and we adapt to suit the situation or we may be financially unable to follow a career path that would be best suited to our personality type. A person may also be un awake(predicate) of their strengths and may just have a feeling that they are not financial backing the life they were meant to. Carl Jung believed that if we do not live or work in a way that best suites our personality type then we could surface a falsification of type. This occurs when we are oblige to use our less harness functions for long periods of time. Carl Jung believed that falsification of type could lead to many psychological problems.Carl Jung depict Falsification of vitrine as a violation of the natural disposition, and explained that whenever Falsification of Type takes place a person first becomes anxious and spotty and then if the condition continues a person becomes neurotic. Jung strongly believed that if there was a reversal of type it could be very harmful to the physiologicaleud aemonia of a person and could often lead to an acute state of exhaustion. look has been done which supports Jungs theory and according to the research of Dr. Richard Haier of San Diego, when an individual is process from a style other than their natural lead style, the brain is forced to expend large amounts of energy trying to maintain the unnatural functions. The result is that the brain and brain-body system experience stress, chronic anxiety and exhaustion. Dr. Arlene Taylor worked with people distress with PTSD and depression over an 11 year period and free-base that people living in a state of prolonged adaption appeared to present peculiar(prenominal) symptoms. There are eight commonly seen symptoms in people who appear to be suffering with a falsification of type theses are1) Fatigue Prolonged adaption can require the brain to work up to 100 times harder.2) Hyper vigilance Prolonged adaption can create a state of hyper-vigilance as the brain goes on protective alertn ess. This is a synthetic rubber mechanism and can show up in a variety of different ways 3) Immune System alteration Falsifying Type can be thought of as the individual living a lie at some level. Lying can suppress immune system 4) Memory impairment Cortisol, which is released under stress, can interfere with reminiscence functions. 5) Altered brain chemistry Prolonged adaption can interfere with hypothalamus and hypophysis functions, which can interfere with hormonal eternal rest. 6) Diminished frontal lobe functions Prolonged adaption is a significant stressor, which can interfere with functions typically associated with the frontal lobes of the cerebrum.7) Discouragement, fatigue and or depression Prolonged adaption can lead to the repeated triggering of the conserve/ retire reaction to stress. This can be especially true for introverted people although it is commonly observed in extroverted types who have been conditioned to introversion. This is utmost more common t han most people (even researchers) believe. Discouragement tends to increase as fatigue increases, which often contributes to the development of depression8) Self-esteem problems .Any or all of the other symptoms can be contributed to diminished overall success in life, which directly affect self-esteem. Self-esteem issues can present as insufficiency of confidence or lack of commitment to improving ones outcomes Jung believed that the only way to cure falsification of type is to develop the functions and attitudes that people are naturally disposed towards. This is a long process where the sufferer will have to first identify their natural leanings and then work towards changing things within their lives so that their work, family and social lives are in dimension with their natural strengths and attitudes.Criticisms of Personality Types & MBTIOne of the main criticisms of personality types and the resulting MBTI is that it because it deals with the mind which is abstract it ca nnot be scientifically proven and that some of the personality types could be made to fit anyone as the use of the language and terms can be am sorryuous. The MBTI also relies on a person answering questions about themselves and people may not be completely honest when answering those questions either because they are unaware of how they would react within a situation or that their perception of themselves is distorted. The way in which the questions are asked is also not specific so people may not know if the question is referring to the way they would react at work or the way they would react at home with friends and family. The MBTI also fails the double blind demonstrate in which participants do a canvas but are given a test done by someone else and asked if it fits them. Most of the participants find a way to make the results fit. One of the other arguments is that while it can be very useful in self- sagaciousness it can also be used either intentionally or unintentionally t o pigeonhole people. People are mixed and fitting everyone into just sixteen different categories can limit peoples understanding of each other and themselves. It also could be used as an exculpation for bad or inefficient behaviour.ConclusionPersonality Types and the MBTI is still astray used today, the MBTI is used in companys both big and small to understand and motivate staff and as a putz for management training. Personality Types and MBTI are also still usedby healers to understand their knobs, as well as gravid the therapist an idea of which therapeutic tools are best suited for each individual client. It can be used either by allowing the client to do a MBTI test that the therapist has acquired from a reputable quotation (not just a downloaded from the internet) or the therapist can lead a client through a process which will enable the therapist to discern which characteristics the client may lean towards. It is worth saying that an young therapist may face problems in trying to discern a clients personality leanings without use a test or formal questions as it takes training and experience to be able to read a client effectively.Despite its critics personality types can be used as one of the tools a therapist can utilise to helper them in the treatment of clients as long as the therapist is aware of the potential problems with using the personality type or a MBTI test , such as pigeonholing a client into a specific category or allowing the client to use their personality type as an excuse or a crutch. Using the theory in balance with other treatments and being aware of some of the problems that may arise from using the personality types or a MBTI test can allow the therapist to approach the treatment of a client in a all-round(prenominal) and balanced way that is both beneficial and productive.Referenceshttp//mbtitoday.org/carl-jung-psychological-type/Author & publish get out unknown MBTI type todayhttp//www.cognitiveprocesses.com/Linda V . Berens and Dario Nardi, Understanding Yourself and Others An Introduction to the Personality Type Codehttp//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/jung.htmlC. George Boeree Copyright 1997, 2006http//www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types.asp Isabel Briggs Myers, Gifts Differinghttps//coremap.com/index.php/books-and-articles/38-personality/124-falsification-of-type.html Written by Sherry BuffingtonMonday, 14 May 2012 1028Jessica PhillipsHUDDE2A 13Jackie BockCarl Jung Personality Types & MBTI

What is Post-Modernism, functionalism and Marxism?

What is Post-Modernism, functionalism & Marxism? What is The Matrix? And what have these three got to do with The Matrix? These questions be very difficult to answer whatever would say and others wouldnt have much of a problem. Firstly, Post-Modernism, some claim, is replacing advancedity. Its being d sensation by the privation of faith in science and rationality. These examples of thoughts developed mainly from the 1980s onwards and change magnitude sceptism about theories of a better future. However these thoughts be in a relativist position, which denies that on that point be absolutes in any area of human realiseledge. good deal believe that social positions of the informer are informed. Secondly, Functionalism means structures, which fulfil the design to fight back a system. This basic anyy means functionalists try and maintain order and peace in society. Lastly theres Marxism. This is totally the opposite to a functionalist perspective. Marxism tries to create con test between people and it al flairs picks up on the negative views within society or organisations. Youre probably thinking what has all this got to do with The Matrix?Well, The Matrix as we all know was one of the biggest hit films in America and the UK. It is all about the future and what the world is really like. How its guaranteen done selected individuals eyes. Keanu Reeves stars as neo in the movie, and modern means the one in a impertinent language. The Matrix is known as a system, a computer. The Matrix essentially being the Planet Earth. At the start of the movie modern is an everyday individual, working with computers for his alert until he begins to receive eerie messages on his PC and peculiar ear visit calls.This shows a functionalist and working class perspective as hes an ordinary true cat and lives a normal life earning money for his living. After this neo is prone an instruction which said to Follow the sign. The sign being a smock rabbit on a females s houlder. Here we can see that this is alone un-natural, who hacks into computers and telephone lines to show a dull message? At stolon he was totally over against going further with the matter scarcely thus he didnt no what to do. This shows a Post-Modernism type of view as hes subject in what he wants to do. However neo was very curious and he distinct to follow the sign.This again shows a form of Post-Modernism as he wants to know whats behind all these Signs. Having followed the white rabbit hes led to a smart set where he meets a lady called Trinity who begins to show Neo things hes neer seen before. After all this Neo wakes up in his bedroom, as if zip has happened but he still remembers everything. So this is a type of modern view, bringing Neo back to the Truth and authenticity part of the universe. The following day he meets again with this lady named Trinity and she shows him The One, Morpheus. Morpheus is the leader of the conclave at present.Neo is interpreted into a room where he is inclined two options, one where he has the option to take a red pill or the other where he takes a blue pill. The red pill keeps Neo in the fantasy land and the blue which takes him back to his normal life where he for stirs everything. Neo decides to take a really big chance and tarry in the land of fantasy and takes the red pill. This shows a major type of Post-modernism, wanting to know more, wanting to know about other realms, and fundamentally being really curious. It also shows a modern view as it didnt take much quantify for him to decide what he wanted to do.Having interpreted this pill Neo is Re-Born in a totally different way and is picked up by this strange looking creature and is thrown round this shoot to the other caboodle members. A number of people would unimpeachably say this is creating a Jesus like sense being Re-Born and again this could sheath strife between some groups. So Neo heady to leave his modern style life and live in a nother Realm. A few tests are run on Neo and he is given the all clear through Morpheus. Neo meets all his other crew members, some of their names being Tank, A-Poc and Switch.After this Neo is taken to a computer program where he battles with his leader Morpheus, Neo begins to realise he can do things he had never done before, such as fighting Kung-Fu style. Some may argue that this is a type of conflict or Marxism as he is being taught how to fight. Neo is also taken into a computer program where he is told to jump between two buildings which a really high and really far apart. Morpheus shows him how to do it, Neo tries to believe he can do and jumps. However he was unsuccessful, so this is trying to make Neo believe something he cannot do at the moment.So he fails the jump but is still alive as it was only a computer program. Neo begins to believe even more. Neo is taken back to the crew where he sleeps. Later on Neo is taken on a mission with his crew into The Matrix where they are attacked by Agents, these are people who are against Morpheus and would take any measure to land any one of them. In a way this shows reality because there are some people out there who are instinctive to kill an individual at any expense. The group could be a Marxist group because all they want to do is create conflict between each other. Again some can argue that Neos group are doing the same.Neo and the rest manage to escape excluding Morpheus, who is beaten and taken away with the Agents. Again this is a Marxist perspective as the agents are trying to create conflict. The only way of exiting The Matrix is by receiving a phone call on selected telephones. These phones take them back to the Real World. This is a side modernist point of view as this wouldnt normally happen in the world as we know it. Tank manages to get back safely and decides to cause a big problem. He agreed with the Agents that he would do anything to get out of the Real world and return to The Matrix.Th is is definitely a Marxist view, as he is trying to create conflict whereas the other crew members are trying to create some form of order in the Real World while they battle it out with tank. Unfortunately for tank he is defeat and the rest manage to get back safely. They all begin to little terror about Morpheus because they know that if anyone dies in The Matrix dies in the Real World. Neo decides its time for him to shine and takes the matter into his own hands. This again can be seen as a functionalist perspective as he wants to create order but in order to do this he is going to create conflict.He returns to The Matrix along with Trinity and seeks out Morpheus. The two groups battle it out and at last they reach a result. Neo defeats the Agents and realises he had powers which he never knew he had. However, Morpheus dies and Neo takes over the role of being The One. Overall we can see that there are functionalist, Marxist and Post-Modern perspectives throughout the whole of the film. Some for good, some for bad, but which are which is for you to decide. At times its about your own individual(prenominal) views or opinions.

Why Pakistani People Have Lost a Sense of Nationality

Identity may be specify as a distinctive characteristic of an individual or a fateicular group of individuals. For ones survival in this founding it is very crucial to maintain his individuation. If we expand the criterion of personal identity element to interior(a) level it is of utmost importance because it is landed estates identity which distinguishes its mickle from the rest of the world. The importance of depicted object Identity can be give away analyzed by the fact that it is the base of all the policies, i. e. domestic and outside(prenominal) policy and hence the cordial. economicalal cultural and ethical knowledge of whatsoever country partly depends upon its field of study identity.In other words actions of a nation be determined by its identity. As out-of-the-way(prenominal) as Pakistans identity is concerned, it may be divided into three phase angles, i. e. pre- segmentation, lay partition and present day. The term identity crisis is used to denot e a particular fleck where by an individual, group of individuals or a nation faces conflicts regarding its identity. These conflicts occur when ones ideological basis and prevailing draw contradict in such(prenominal) a way that the prevailing deal dominate the ideological basis. . With reference to Pakistan the history of identity crisis keep up its root in the late Mughal dynasty.The comfort-loving attitude of the mark outrs, bloodsheds for the throne, abandoned faith, mismanagement of domestic economic and political matters, absence of updated foreign developments and other moral, ethical and social weaknesses were the study forces which contri furthered in the identity crisis of the Muslims of South Asia. In pre partition era where by Muslims of south Asia ware lost their regime and British rule thin out the span of their social , cultural and political life. Actually they lost their rule just because of the lost identity.After a half deoxycytidine monophosphate of s ubmissive life they began to find the lost identity and they succeeded. The mho phase of identity crisis began very after the pedigree of Pakistan. The Shia/Sunni crisis at the epoch of partition was the first of all. But luckily at that beat, the crisis was pragmatically resolved by Quaid-e-Azam, so it was buried in a hatchet at that time nevertheless later on it burst up from different grounds. The second fountain of identity crisis in the chronology is the crisis of eastern United States and West Pakistan. At the time of inception, Pakistan inherited East and West Pakistan with one and four provinces respectively.Population of East Pakistan alone was more than that of the total population of the four provinces of West Pakistan. The seeds of identity crisis were sown with the speech controversy, where by Urdu was declared as the matter language of Pakistan while Urdu was the influencing language only in West Pakistan. This language controversy and some other strategies wh ich lead to the deprived feelings among the natives of East Pakistan and the crowning(prenominal) consequence was an identity crisis in the multifariousness of separation of East Pakistan in 1971.Not only the separation of East Pakistan exactly, a variety of identity crisis cases stood in the post partition era. The list contains delayed constitutional development, perilous political conditions ( out-of-pocket to personal likes and dislikes and lust of power), Social injustice and negative material body of Pakistan on planetary screen. Constitution is the base of all new innate(p) state just in case of Pakistan this base couldnt be established even after about a decade of the inception of Pakistan. So when there was no base for people, the process of identity development started very late.Latterly the termination of 1956s and 1962s constitutions fulfilled the rest part of delayed identity development. All these factors further participated in corruption, national disharmony , rigid attitudes, misconceptions about the religion (partly the role played by mullas), filmdom practices on unnecessary customs and a list of moral dilemmas. The identity crisis after the partition threw Pakistan in an ignominious status both at domestic and at international knowledge domain. Domestically we couldnt achieve the social status which weve dreamt during the Pakistan movement.Economically we stood at the back end of the global economic stage. And above all we were entitled as a terrorist state due to some mismanaged and scattered groups. blush some of them really didnt have the basic knowledge of their ideological agenda. In present day Pakistan, the situation is more hazardous than that of one discussed in the previous phase. Todays identity crisis is giant in nature aiming to nip our ideology form the bud. Now with changing global environment and with the changing role of Pakistan at international level, the nature of identity crisis has become more complex.The pr esent day crisis may be classified as political, social apparitional and economic identity crisis. The social and religious crisis exercise in collaboration. On the religious part, the extremist group has developed misconceptions about the religion. On the other handwriting the society is facing the cultural war through different media. In such a situation the nation, preferably the youth has contradictions with religious implications which is qualification them unaware of their ideological basis. In the second step the attractive mephistophelean (the weapon of cultural war) is becoming dominant.So the nations ideological basis is being deployed by the prevailing circumstances, creating identity crisis. In this case we cant blame the young mind (as hes not getting the proper guideline and he has not been apt in such a way that he can find the root the purpose of his existence, secondly the so called knowledge of religion he gets is not authentic). The second type of present day identity crisis in Pakistan is political in nature. In fact our political system has ceaselessly been ruled by reigns in hands of few influencing groups.No such political platforms were built for the coming generations, to ensure their federation in national or international affairs. It is very necessary to train the youth for the participation in national affairs because they are the people who have to hang in the country in the future. Unluckily our youth didnt get any such training at any stage of our 59 long time history. The ultimate result was that, the administrators belonged to a specific group, making others so rag that others even dont care to have a guess at the mismanagement.This imbalance in the political infrastructure restricted the better youth to participate in the national policies and ultimately the process of policy making enjoyed the influence of un-educated and narrow minded policy makers, who couldnt cook the identity goals of the nation till yet. At i nternational political arena we are still facing the vicious circle of terrorism. Even our government ensured Pakistans contribution in the war against terrorism, but being an Islamic state we become the suspect of any international terrorist act.Here the policy of state is ambiguous, which aims to satisfy the western world but the integration of Muslim world is not to be seen any where. In my opinion we dont know that where we are standing rightly now, where we have to go and where we are going? On the part of economy, no doubt our economy grew with in last half decade but only at macro level. The poor is still standing on the place where he was a decade ago. Increasing Unemployment, inflation, and poverty etc are not only contributing in social imbalances but because of these factors, a park man is not able to find the basis of his identity.The identity of a nation is its image, and our image today is a tree whose roots have been cut. This situation is actually showing our lost identity. We have become much concerned about our outer look but we have forgotten the basis on which we have to develop our midland self. If this process keeps on going with the same velocity, the time is not far when the existence of our identity will vanish. It is very crucial to have a breach of the peace against identity crisis. In this regard the most of import step is identity education.The identity education should be provided at educational institutions as well as in temporarily organized seminars (seminars should be accessible for general public). Identity education will not work till we present a difference between different cultures. Media censorship should also be there in order to lessen the manageable damages of cultural war. Media should also spread the knowledge of values among the common men. And last but not least we all should play our part to improve our religious image at international level. In this partnership we can spread the true essence of our religio n which is peace.

Century medical history

Century medical checkup History Report The eighteenth century consisted of a lot of well-disposed and political events. Some of the mixer happenings that occurred In this century were the French and Indian War, the African slave trade, and many a(prenominal) developing Ideas and catch up withions were growing throughout the world. galore(postnominal) medical happenings were present as well. Smallpox was the mall widespread unhealthiness that affected the firm world. Inventions and discoveries were made to solve problems or mysteries. An Important somebody wasEdward Jennet, who discovered a smallpox vaccination. He did not actually Invent It, because it had already existed. She ran an experiment on an eight year old boy to test the smallpox vaccine. He did this by giving him cowpox prototypal which served as a immunization. Joseph Priestley was an important pick up in the eighteenth century. He discovered the now called element oxygen. Before his discovery, people did not assure what air was or what it was made of. He withal was a researcher, Philosopher and a Chemist. Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocals, although he was greatly known for his work in galvanic theory.He established laws on how electricity operates, how to store and use it. He is in like manner famous for his experiment with the kite and key. Rene Lancer invented the Stethoscope. With this he investigated sounds made by the mettle and lungs, and compared it to his diagnosis he got from autopsies. He also wrote the first descriptions of bronchitiss and cirrhosis and also classified lung conditions like pneumonia, pleurisy and emphysema. Lastly, John Hunter was a surgeon of the 18th century and is now known as founder of scientific surgery. He made many advances in surgical procedures, while teaching manikin and surgery.He also first documented reports on tube feeding. By gyring The 18th century consisted of a lot of social and political events. Some of the social happenings t hat occurred in this century were the French and Indian War, the African slave trade, and many developing ideas and inventions were growing the main widespread disease that affected the whole world. Inventions and discoveries were made to solve problems or mysteries. An important person was Edward Jennet, who discovered a smallpox vaccination. He did not actually invent it, immunization. Joseph Priestley was an important figure in the 18th century. He

Norse Culture

S thronedinavian Culture A close Look Julianne N. Cantu Intercultural CommunicationsDr. ThibodeauxMarch 7, 2013 From the beginning of civilization, finis has played a crucial theatrical role at shaping incessantlyy society. Culture on the wholeows for all that is especial(a) fountainhead-nigh a group of slew to be taken into account and be recognized. Norse culture has long been a popular subject in modern societies. Some of the most important characteristics that arouse Norse culture so unique are their people, their language, their literature, their religion, and their funeral practices.Like most societies, the Norse had a amazingly lax tender hierarchy. The Norse hierarchy was placed to where there was a possibility for upward mobility. Individuals in Norse society were non cursed to have sex out their days in a particular social status, and were free to move from class to class. There were three set social classes in Norse society. Most Norse workforce belonged to the middle class cognise as karls. Karls were the landowners, the farmers the smiths (blacksmiths, locksmiths, etc. ), etc (Haywood, 2000).The highest level in the social hierarchy was cognize as the jarls, or the nobility. These people lived in extravagant houses and halls and lived refined lives. The jarls utilize their m angiotensin-converting enzymey, wealth, followers, ships, and estates distinguish them from the rest of society. The lowest class of the social hierarchy was cognize as the pr? ll. This class included slaves and people who were known as bondsmen. If a spiritfulness, from any class, could non pay their debts, they would become a bondsman and work for an separate man until his debts were repaid (Guy, 1998).The Scandinavians, during the Viking Age, spoke gaga Norse. This language was sometimes referred to as Danish Tongue (Page, 1987). Icelandic, Danish, and Norwegian languages are all descended of Old Norse. There were many several(predicate) dialects spoken during this time. Many scholars are fitting to find the differences between East Norse and West Norse. Despite these differences, the people during the Viking Age were able to communicate with each other without difficulty because the languages were so similar (Page, 1987). Many Viking cultures were to a fault known to have used runes.A rune is letter or character from the runic alphabet. Most of the runic characters represent of straight lines and the alphabet was clear(p)ly designed for etching onto wood, st unitary, or alloy with a sharp instrument such as a stab (Page, 1995). A disparate version of runes referred to as the Younger Futhark was established by the beginning of the Viking Age. Contrary to popular belief, Vikings did not actually wear helmets with horns on them. This depiction of Vikings warriors is a ugly misrepresentation of their culture.What a Viking wore was determined by their place in their society. If a person was a slave, they were oft misch ievously fructifyed in things that amounted to rags. Free men wore things interchangeable leather boots and robes make out of finer materials, like wool and antithetical furs. workforce a lot wore both pants or tunics, while the women would wear dress like garments that would fasten at the shoulder (Roesdahl, 2001). Only the wealthiest of the Viking society ever wore jewellery, like necklaces, pendants, brooches, and rings because it signified their elevated status to others (Jesch, 1991).Viking literature is bizarre to come by because Norse culture was typically shared through and through the spoken word rather than the written word. Much of the folklore about Norse culture was written later and compiled into a Edda. Edda is derives from the Old Norse term for poetry (Page, 1995). There are two different types of edda, the poetical Edda and the Prose Edda. The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems. This edda contains the most information c erstwhilerning Norse myt hology. The poems contained in the edda make known stories of brave hero and heroines and depict tales of different Norse legends.The Prose Edda also contains many mythological stories. The Prose Edda, unlike the Poetic Edda, is separated into three different booksthe Gylfaginning, the Skaldskaparmal, and the ? gir (Haywood, 2000). On the whole, not much is known about different infidel religious practices in the Viking Age. There is little evidence to vindicate the different pagan religious rites conducted by the Vikings. Different Viking sagas were written almost 200 geezerhood ago, aft(prenominal) the conversion to Christianity. Although there is no definitive record of pagan rituals, much is known about the many different deities worshipped by the Vikings.The most popular and powerful theology to the Norse people was Thor, god of thunder and lightning. Thor was the mighty champions of the Norse gods and the people because he was the only iodin strong enough on his own to collide with the giants, the arch nemeses of the gods. Without Thor, the other gods would have to resort to playing crafty games in order to slay the giants. Thors weapon of prime(prenominal) was his mighty hammer, Mjolnir (Dubois, 1997). Mjolnir is depicted as one of the most fearsome weapons in Norse culture, and is rumored to be capable of level mountains.It was written that, Mjolnir would be able to strike as firmly as he wanted, whatever his aim, and the hammer would never fail, and if he threw it at something, it would never miss and never fly so far from his hand that it would not find its appearance back, and when he wanted, it would be so small that it could be carried in position his tunic (Orchard, 1999). Odin was also one of the most popular gods in Norse culture. Odin was the father of all of the gods and men. He is a god of magick, wisdom, with, and larn (Dubois, 1999). Odin has been utter to possess the power of reanimating the dead in order to spill the beans to them to gain any wisdom they may possess. Odins weapon of choice is his spear, Gungnir, which, supposedly, never misses its target. Odin is always depicted as only having one essence because he traded the other for a drink from the Well of Wisdom, where he gained an capacious amount of knowledge (Page, 1995). Loki was the trickster of the Norse gods. It was written that he was, boastful and fair of face, just now has an evil disposition and is in truth pitchable of mood.He excelled all men in the art of cunning, and he always cheats. He was continually involving the Aesir in great difficulties and he often helped them out by guile (Orchard, 1997). Loki was the son of two giants and step-brother to Odin. Loki had the power of shape shifting and could even change his gender on command. As a woman, Loki gave birth to many of the terrible creatures, like Odins eight-legged horse, Sleipnir. When Thor was not around to help destroy the giants, Loki was often sought out by the go ds in order to deploy clever tactics to take the giants down.The common misconception concerning Vikings and religion is that many believed they hated Christianity because they were pagan, and that was not the case. The Vikings believed in many different deities. They often targeted and plundered Christian monasteries, however, because they knew they were blotto and were, often times, poorly defended. The Vikings had many different customs and beliefs when it came to death. They had specific rituals when it came to funerals, but had many different beliefs when it came to things like the soul and where the dead went when they were no extended part of this world.The Vikings had two different beliefs when it came to the soul. First, the Vikings believed that the very last breath a person took before they died was their soul escaping and moving on to become one with nature. The second was that there was a different type of soul a dream soul that was able to leave the soundbox when a person was in a state of unconsciousness like sleep. This part of the soul is forever trapped inside the body unless the body is destroyed either by decay or a sacrificial burning. Only when the body was broken down would the dream soul be able to make its way to the realm of the dead (Page, 1995).Vikings believed that, when a person dies, they need to be buried or burned with their belongings that will help them to acquire in their next life. People who had certain jobs, like a blacksmith, were often buried with all of their tools so that they would be able to utilize them after they had moved on to their next life. Women were often burned/buried with their jewelry and other tools for female household activities (Orchard, 1997). It was common among Vikings to burn the corpses, as well as their belongings, on a funeral pyre.These pyres were built to large scales because the Vikings believed that the smoke from the muster out needed to be as massive as possible in order to assist the soul in reaching the afterlife. After the deceased had been gone for seven days, the Vikings would partake in funeral ale which served as a ritual drinking. The funeral ale was a way in which the families of the deceased could get together to hold back the persons life. It wasnt until after the ale was drunk that issues like inheritances and transitioning of familial power were able to take place (Dubois, 1999).After a person has died, the Vikings believed that their souls partook in an adventure in order to reach the afterlife. The afterlife had many different variations in the culture, like the inside of a mountain, on the other side of the sea, in the heavens, or in the underworld (Dubois, 1999). Helgafjell, or Holy plentifulness, is one manifestation of the Norse afterlife. If a person made their way to the holy mountain, they would live out their lives in a manner that was very similar to the one they had in the physical world. Hel, however, is the complete opposite of H elgafjell.Hel, which is command by a blue and black giantess named Hel, is the destination for all of those who did not die in battle, but of old age and sickness. In Hel, the gate that adorn the entrance are heavy, as to give the idea once you get down, you will never over again exit. Valhalla is another destination for those who have died. just about half of those that die in battle find their way to Valhalla. The halves that were allowed to enter were to remain fit for battle so that they could participate in Ragnork. Valhalla was said to be located in the heavens in Odins kingdom.Valkyries, men and women who choose which soldiers die and which live, dwell in the heavens with Odin and those warriors deemed worthy to live again (Page, 1995). The other soldiers who are not chosen to live again reside in Folkvanger with the goddess Freya. The Norse raised many different kinds of domesticated animals, like cattle, sheep, pigs, geese, chickens, goats, and ducks. They used their c attle, sheep, and goats in order to make dairy products like milk and cheese. They also increaseed eggs from their chickens, ducks, and geese. Fish and deer were also track down and added to the myriad of food sources the Norse could choose from.The Norse also were stark(a) farmers and were able to grow a plethora of different items, like oats, barley, flax, cabbage, leeks, horseradish, watercress, carrots, celery, peas, and a number of different herbs (Guy, 1995). The Norse were also known to keep bees and to harvest nuts. When it came to cooking their food, the Norse like their meat roasted or stewed and were particularly fond of their stews. The Vikings cured their meat, either by smoking it, rescue it, or drying it. The Vikings usually prepared flat bread for meals (like a pancake), but did produce raised bread when there was some sort of special occasion to cook for.Their drink of choice was mead. Mead is an alcoholic beverage made from honey, but they also made different kinds of beers and ales. The Viking did not grow grapes, so they were unable to partake in wine (Roesdahl, 2001). In short, it is clear that there are many different aspects of Viking culture that makes them truly unique. It is also clear that there have been many misrepresentations of Viking culture and, because of that, many people can have skewed perceptions when it comes to their outlook concerning Vikings. References Dubois, Thomas A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age.Philadelphia University of protactinium Press, 1999. Print. Guy, John. Viking Life. Kent Ticktock, 1998. Print. Haywood, John. Encyclopaedia of the Viking Age. capital of the United Kingdom Thames & Hudson, 2000. Print. Jesch, Judith. Women in the Viking Age. Haworth Woodbridge, 1991. Print. Orchard, Andy. Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. London Cassell, 1997. Print. Page, RI. Reading the Past Runes. London British Museum Press, 1987. Print. Page, RKi. Chronicles of the Vikings Records, Memorials and Myths. Ithaca Cornell UP, 1995. Print. Roesdahl, Else. The Vikings. New York Penguin, 2001. Print.

Activity Based Costing †Definition and Concept Essay

An approach to the courting and monitoring of activities which involves trace resource consumption and tolling final rigs. Resources argon seted to activities, and activities to equal objects establish on consumption fancys. The latter utilise approach drivers to bring together activity equal to outputs. Activity- found termsing ( alphabet) is a costing methodological analysis that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and divine services harmonize to the actual consumption by each. This model assigns more than in exact be( everywherehead) into direct cost comp bed to conventional costing. CIMA authoritative Terminology, 2005A development of the principles of activity based costing (first principle) is activity based management (antiballistic missile). Operational antiballistic missile is defined asActions, based on activity driver analysis, that increase efficiency, rase cost and/or improve asset utilisation. CIMA Official Terminology, 2005 Strategic ABM is defined asActions, based on activity based cost analysis, that aim to change the demand for activities so as to improve profitability. CIMA Official Terminology, 2005 The main focus of this headic gateway is ABC. However, the development of ABC into ABM will be discussed further under Application. The concept of ABC was stolon defined in the late 1980s by Robert Kaplan and William Burns. Initially ABC focused on manufacturing industry where technological developments and productivity improvements had reduced the counterweight of direct labour and material cost, but increased the attribute of validating or overhead cost.Comparison of traditional costing and ABCThe traditional method of costing relied on the arbitrary addition of a proportion of overhead be on to direct costs to attain a total product cost. The traditional approach to cost storage allocation relies on terce basic steps. 1. Accumulate costs within a occupation or non-production incision. 2. Allocate non-production costs to production departments. 3. Allocate the resulting production department costs to various products, services or clients. This type of costing organisation usually portions costs based on a single spate measure, much(prenominal) as direct labour hours or machine hours. small-arm using such a simplistic volume measure to share overheads as an overall cost driver, this approach seldom meets the cause-and-effect criteria desired in accurate cost allocation. This method of costing has become increasing incorrect as the relative proportion of overhead costs has risen. This distortion of costs back result in inappropriate ratiocination making. ABC is wherefore an alternative approach to the traditional method or arbitrary allocation of overheads to product, services and customers. AIM of the modelWith ABC, an organization can soundly estimate the cost elements of entire products and services. That may help inform a fraternitys decision to either * Identify and eliminate those products and services that are unprofitable and lower the prices of those that are overpriced (product and service portfolio aim) * Or severalise and eliminate production or service dish upes that are ineffective and allocate processing concepts that lead to the very same product at a better yield (process re-engineering aim). In a business organization, the ABC methodology assigns an organizations resource costs through activities to the products andservices provided to its customers. ABC is chiefly used as a tool for understanding product and customer cost and profitability based on the production or execute processes. As such, ABC has predominantly been used to support strategic decisions such as pricing, outsourcing, identification and measurement of process improvement initiatives.ApplicationIn contrast to traditional cost accounting systems, ABC systems first forgather overheads for each organisation al activity. They then assign the costs of these activities to products, services or customers (referred to as cost objects) causing that activity. The initial activity analysis is clearly the close troublesome aspect of ABC. Activity analysis is the process of identifying appropriate output measures of activities and resources (cost drivers) and their effects on the costs of making a product or providing a service.ABC systems have the flexibility to provide special reports so that management can take decisions about the costs of designing, selling and delivering a product or service. The key aspect is that ABC focuses on accumulating costs via activities, whereas traditional cost allocation focuses on accumulating costs within usable areas. The main advantage of ABC is that it minimises or avoids distortions on product costs that ability occur from arbitrary allocation of overhead costs. Steps in development of an ABC SystemABC uses cost drivers to assign the costs of resources to activities and unit cost as a way of measuring an output. in that respect are four steps to implementing ABC.1. Identify activitiesThe organisation needs to strive an in-depth analysis of the operating processes of each responsibility centre. Each process might consist of iodine or more activities required to produce an output. 2. indicate resource costs to activitiesThis involves tracing costs to cost objects to determine why the cost occurred. Costs can be categorised in three ways i. Direct costs that can be traced directly to one output. For example, the wood and paint that it takes to make a chair. ii. Indirect costs that can non be allocated to an individual output, that is, they benefit two or more outputs, but not all outputs. For example, maintenance costs or storage costs. iii. General/ political science costs that cannot be associated with any product or service. These costs are likely to remain unchanged, whatever output is produced. For example, salaries of a dministration staff, security costs or depreciation.3. Identify outputsIdentify all of the output for which an activity fragment performs activities and consumes resources. Outputs might be products, services or customers. 4. Assign activity costs to outputsThis is done using activity drivers. Activity drivers assign activity costs to outputs (cost objects) based on the consumption or demand for activities.ABC in practiceSteps to implement Activity-Based costing1. Identify and assess ABC needs Determine viability of ABC method within an organization. 2. Training requirements elemental training for all employees and workshop sessions for senior managers. 3. Define the project kitchen range Evaluate mission and objectives for the project. 4. Identify activities and drivers Determine what drives what activity. 5. Create a cost and operational flow diagram How resources and activities are related to products and services. 6. Collect selective information Collecting data where t he diagram shows operational relationship. 7. Build a package model, validate and reconcile.8. Interpret results and prepare management reports.9. Integrate data ingathering and reporting.ABC activities have been around for nearly 20 years and umpteen companies in a variety of sectors have implemented activity based thinking. ABC and ABM have brought about radical changes in cost management systems. The principles and philosophies of activity based thinking apply equally to service companies, government agencies, process and manufacturing industries. Management practices and methods have changed over the last tenner and will continue to change. Organisations have moved from managing vertically to managing naiantly. There has overly been a move from a function orientation to a process orientation.However, management information systems to track and provide information about the horizontal aspects of business have lagged significantly behind managers needs. ABC and ABM hire thi s information gap by providing cost and operation information that mirrors a horizontal view.ABC focuses on accurate information about the true cost of products, services, processes, activities and customers. Using ABC, organisations gain a thorough understanding of their business processes and cost behaviour during ABC analysis. Management then applies this insight to improve decision making at operating and strategic levels. This is then known as ABM. Simply, ABM is ABC in action.HOW ABC IS USED IN THE boldnessThis detailed con of how organisations are practically applying ABC can be found on the BetterManagement.com website (to access this study you must register, and then fathom on the link to activity based management in the top left hand corner of the home page). Available from www.bettermanagement.com Accessed 4 November 2008 The study was carried out in July 2005 to determine the state of ABC within over 500 organisations across numerous industries of different sizes and locations. It provides a useful and arouse insight into how ABC is used in organisations.Reported benefits ABC provides a more accurate method of costing of products and services. It allows for a better and more comprehensive understanding of overheads and what causes them to occur. It makes costly and non-value adding activities more visible, so allowing managers to focus on these areas to reduce or eliminate them. It supports other management techniques such as continuous improvement, scorecards and performance management. Reported drawbacks ABC can be difficult and time consuming to collect the data about activities and cost drivers. It can be costly to implement, run and manage an ABC system. Even in ABC some overhead costs are difficult to assign to products and customers. These costs still have to be arbitrarily applied to products and customers.